No abstract

Plants have to counteract unavoidable stress-caused anomalies such as oxidative stress to sustain their lives and serve heterotrophic organisms including humans. Among major enzymatic antioxidants, catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) are representative heme enzymes meant for metabolizing stress-provoked reactive oxygen species (ROS; such as H2O2) and controlling their potential impacts on cellular metabolism and functions. CAT mainly occurs in peroxisomes and catalyzes the dismutation reaction without requiring any reductant; whereas, APX has a higher affinity for H2O2 and utilizes ascorbate (AsA) as specific electron donor for the reduction of H2O2 into H2O in organelles including chloroplasts, cytosol, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Literature is extensive on the glutathione-associated H2O2-metabolizing systems in plants. However, discussion is meager or scattered in the literature available on the biochemical and genomic characterization as well as techniques for the assays of CAT and APX and their modulation in plants under abiotic stresses. This paper aims (a) to introduce oxidative stress-causative factors and highlights their relationship with abiotic stresses in plants; (b) to overview structure, occurrence, and significance of CAT and APX in plants;

Celiac disease (CD; also known as celiac sprue, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and nontropical sprue) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormalities in the small intestine caused by permanent intolerance to dietary gluten or related proteins from wheat and rye 1 . Although few CD patients may suffer primarily from gastrointestinal symptoms, CD may be related with extra-intestinal disorders 2 . Genetic, immunological and environmental factors have been attributed for the disease. Till date, the etiology of CD has not yet been fully elucidated. However, CD has shown a strong genetic relation with HLA (human leucocyte antigen) class II gene, contributing no more than 40% to the disease risk, which shows involvement of genetic components in the development of CD 3,4 . Recently published genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified several non-HLA genes as new susceptibility factors for CD. So far, 39 loci with 57 independent association signals have been defined and many of these loci harbour genes associated with immunity 5

No abstract

No abstract