The increasing menace of antimicrobial resistance in many pathogenic microbes has led to the search for long lasting remedy. The aim of this study was to examine the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of extracts of Psidium guajava leaves against some clinical bacterial isolates. The plant leaves were extracted in three solvents namely; water, ethanol and methanol. The pathogenic bacterial isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae all isolated from urine samples. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids in different proportions. The mean antibacterial activity of the extracts in vitro showed that the ethanolic extract was most efficacious at 25 mg concentration, inhibiting P. aeruginosa (9.50 mm), E. coli (9.00 mm), S. pneumoniae (10.50 mm) and K. pneumoniae (9.50 mm). The aqueous extract at 100 mg concentration inhibited E. coli (12.50 mm), S. aureus (14.50 mm) and S. pneumoniae (9.00 mm). This study has revealed that the leaves extract of P. guajava contains antibacterial and phytochemical substances which can be harnessed in satiation of human quest for better and healthier living.

This study was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus on door handles and the antibiotic susceptibility of the organism to some commonly used antibiotics in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. A total of 100 door samples were obtained, 20 each from the five faculties within the university's main campus. These were cultured and identified using appropriate protocols. A total of 26(26.0%) isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus. Faculties of Administration and Arts jointly accounted for the highest prevalence with 40%. The antibiotics susceptibility test revealed that Gentamicin was the most effective of all the test antibiotics against the Staphylococcus aureus isolated. The multidrug resistant S. aureus isolates 12(46.2%) were observed to have produced beta lactamase enzymes implicated in beta lactam antibiotics resistance. Observation from this study showed that there is a high level of antibiotics abuse or misuse with resultant multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates in the study area.

This study is to assess the microbiological quality and public health hazard associated with the air environment around waste dumpsites in Keffi, metropolis Nigeria was conducted. A total of 25 samples were collected from five different waste dumpsites around five different locations within the metropolis (Angwan Lambu, Keffi Main market, University Main campus and Nasarawa Road). Preliminary cultural, morphological, biochemical characteristics of the isolates revealed the following isolates, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp., Aspergillus niger, Alternaria spp., Penicillum spp., Mucor spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizopus stolonifer and Candida spp. The total bacterial counts from the air environments of these waste dumpsites ranged between 2.2-7.4 x 10 1 cfu/m 3 , while the total fungal counts ranged between 1.4-4.4 x 10 1 cfu/m 3. The susceptibility of the bacterial isolates against commonly used antibiotics tested showed varying degree of susceptibility and it is in the following decreasing order; Proteus vulgaris (93.3%) > Staphylococcus aureus (55.6%) > Micrococcus spp. (43.3%) > Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42.8%) > Bacillus spp. (41.2%) > Escherichia coli (30.8%). Health risk assessment indicates the presence of pathogenic bacteria and moulds with serious health risk to human within the environment due to the possibility of cross contamination of foods sold in the open. Consequently, there is the need to periodically monitor the number of microorganisms within the air of these environments using the established threshold stipulated for microbial concentrations in air.

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Phytochemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves and bark of Bidens plasa and Brilliantasia patula plant were carried out using standard technique. The plants parts were extracted through cold maceration technique. Bacteria were isolated using standard microbiology methods. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was carried out using agar well diffusion technique. Results of the phytochemical analysis revealed flavonoids, phenols, alkaloid, tannins, steroids, saponins, anthraquinone, reducing sugar, terpenes and glycosides were present in the plant extracts. The extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp and P. aeruginosa isolated from tomato, vegetables and dry fish. The aqueous leaves extract of Bidens plasa inhibited all the test isolates at 50.0 mg and 25.0 mg. The ethanol leaves extracts of Bidens plasa had more antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. The ranges of inhibition zone of the test bacteria were E. coli had 14.0±0.42 mm at 50.0 mg, 11.00±2.00 mm at 25.0mg and 7.00±0.10 mm at 12.5 mg; Klebsiella spp with 13.03±0.32 mm at 50.0 mg and 10.0±3.00 mm at 25.0mg respectively. The bark of extract of Brilliantasia patula had more antibacterial activity in various amount of the extract ranging from 50mg – 12.5mg against the test bacteria. The range of inhibition zone of the test bacteria were E. coli had 13.0±0.21 mm at 50.0 mg, 7.0±1.00 mm at 25.0mg and 5.00±0.11 mm at 12.5 mg and Klebsiella spp with 10.00±1.00 at 50.0 mg and 6.00±0.01 mm at 25.0 mg. The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by these plant extracts on food borne pathogens indicated the preservative potentials these extracts possess in controlling the bacteria growth.

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