The presence of hydrogen sulfide in fuel oil is a danger, since hydrogen sulfide is concentrated in the gas phase of tanks, vessels and tanks truck that when carrying out operations of drainage-fulness can lead to an excess of its MAC in air and to the creation of explosive mixtures. The concentration of H2S in fuel oil produced at refineries is 20-500 ppm, while its content in commercial fuel is limited to 10 ppm. Analytical methods of definition of concentration of a hydrogen sulfide in oil products are considered. Industrial and promising technologies for reducing H2S in fuel oil, their main merits and demerits are presented. The possibilities of low-energy wave technologies in the refinement of petroleum and oil products and mechanisms of action of ultrasound and constant magnetic field on oil disperse systems are shown. The hydrogen sulfide extracted from fuel oil neither on volumes, nor on concentration can't be used as independent raw materials for processing into elemental sulfur in the Claus process and is a toxic by-product. At the same time, hydrogen sulfide-containing wastes can serve as valuable raw materials for the production of wide range of useful organic compounds (antioxidants, drugs, pesticides, fungicides) in electrochemical processes. In processes of low-tonnage chemistry, electrochemical processes are relevant. As a result of anode or cathode activation of a hydrogen sulfide (alkanethiols) at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure the thiyl (alkylthiyl) radical is formed. Along with products of a thiolation of organic compounds are formed also mono - di - and the trisulphides having higher biological activity and lower toxiferous in comparison with thiols. The competitiveness of electrosynthesis is very high, it is considered as processes of waste-free production as at the heart of it ecologically focused idea of "green chemistry" is concluded.
The article considers the problem of environmental pollution caused by the presence of hydrogen sulfide in fuel oil. Hydrogen sulfide has a negative impact on the human health: a slight degree of poisoning develops within 3-4 hours already at a 100 mg/m3 concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air. The regulatory documents limit the hydrogen sulfide content in fuel oil. The search for new available methods of cleaning fuel oil from hydrogen sulfide is relevant today. There has been considered one of the alternative methods of hydrogen sulfide removal from fuel oil, namely, ultrasonic treatment. The method allows changing the dispersed composition of fuel oil and intensifying the extraction of the gas phase of hydrogen sulfide. The advantages of ultrasonic treatment include the absence of injected reagents and environmental cleanliness, small size, low energy costs and the possibility of using ultrasound unit at existing refineries due to its compactness. The influence of the ultrasonic unit capacity and flow rate on hydrogen sulfide removal from fuel oil and change of its dispersion composition has been studied. There have been presented the optimal conditions for ultrasonic treatment and described the mechanism of hydrogen sulfide removal by using ultrasonic treatment
Properties of oil and petroleum products largely depend on the fractional and chemical composition, on the quantitative content of different components in them, their qualitative characteristics, as well as on the dispersed composition of the oil system. Examples of oil dispersed systems are given in accordance with their classification. The dispersed phase and its structure are considered on the basis of classical concepts as a complex structural unit consisting of a nuclear and layers surrounding it. The dispersion degree is defined by the forces of intermolecular interaction between the nucleus and layers of a complex structural unit, as well as between the layers. A great contribution to forming and stability of a complex structural unit is made by bonds based on spin-spin and spin-polarized interactions. The diamagnetic components of the system form a dispersion environment. The greater a dispersion, the stronger the molecular kinetic factors become, the more intensive the diffusion processes are, the sedimentation stability increases, and the physico-chemical processes at the phase boundary accelerate. Therefore, dispersion is one of the most important factors of oil dispersed systems that determine their properties (viscosity, flash and solidification temperatures, fractional composition, density). The study of changes in the dispersion of the system under various kinds of influences, determined by the size of the average diameter of the particles of the dispersed phase, makes it possible to identify the most favorable conditions for the implementation of technological processes during transportation, storage, processing, and ensuring environmental safety. The proposed photoelectrocolorimetric method for determining a mean diameter of particles of the dispersed phase of dark and viscous petroleum products differs from the well-known method in that it is carried out without diluting the sample, which could distort its dispersed composition. Besides, the sample optical density is determined in a thin fixed layer of a petroleum product due to a hard insert between the slides. The analysis methodology is described including a description of the device, a sequence of preparation and measurement, as well as processing of the results obtained.
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