The aim of our study was to analyze the reproduction dynamics and fertility rates of the Ayrshire cattle population in Russia and to assess the level of influence of the AH1 haplotype on the incidence of stillbirth. For an overall fertility estimate, we used 390,769 records of 67 dairy herds in Russia from 2003 to 2018. Against the background of stable population growth, the average stillbirth rate was 3.33% and the abortion rate was 0.075%. A high percentage of stillbirth (5.13%) from heifers the first fertilization event, and there was a high rate of abortions in older cows (11 calving, 1.76%). An analysis of 62,534 records of bulls with the rs475678587C>T variant of UBE3B gene (AH1 haplotype) (n = 69, of which 51 bulls were free from and 18 were carriers of AH1) for the period 2002 to 2018 showed that the proportion of female offspring of AH1-C bulls completing at least one full period of lactation was about one-third of the total livestock. An analysis of the results of mating with AH-F and AH-C bulls for the broodstock as a whole (without taking into account the female genotype) did not reveal significant differences in the number of stillbirths and abortions. Linear regression analysis showed that the status of AH1 bulls did not significantly affect stillbirth rates. An analysis of the results of calving and the reproductive ability of the offspring of AH-C bulls showed an increase in the frequency of stillbirths, confirmed by the results of linear regression analysis, which revealed a significant effect of bull fathers carrying AH1on the proportion of stillbirths experienced by their daughters. Our studies confirm that the rs475678587C>T variant of the UBE3B gene (haplotype AH1) has a significant effect on the rate of stillbirth of a cow or heifer if their father is a carrier of this genetic defect.

Аннотация: Судьба трактата Ш.-Л. Монтескье «О духе законов» в России во второй по-ловине XVIII в. являет собой образец парадоксального восприятия идей француз-ского просветителя, которые одновременно выступают предметом подражания и полемики. Истоки полемических тенденций коренятся в неблагоприятном образе России, представленной писателем как страна деспотизма и рабства. Идеи, изло-женные в трактате, дают различным авторам в России материал для собственных размышлений о стране и, прежде всего, о проблеме свободы и равенства. В статье предлагается попытка наметить пути зарождения этой темы в политической лите-ратуре на примере отдельных сочинений Ф.-Г. Штрубе де Пирмона, Екатерины II и князя М.М. Щербатова. На рассмотрение вынесен ряд взаимозависимых текстов, что позволяет говорить о своеобразной литературной полемике. Утверждается, что каждый автор развивает собственную стратегию письма в соответствии с его специ-фическим положением и писательской интенцией. На основании сопоставительно-го анализа делаются выводы о следующих тенденциях: 1) книга Штрубе де Пирмона является классическим литературным опровержением, написанным с целью реаби-литировать скомпрометированный автором «Духа законов» образ России; 2) для князя Щербатова высказывания Монтескье о России выступают условной точкой отсчета для глубокого и независимого анализа существующих явлений и процес-сов российской действительности; 3) двойственное положение Екатерины II -как частного лица и монарха -является наиболее уязвимым, чем определяется необхо-димость адаптировать свою мысль в зависимости от выполняемой роли. th century is an example of ambiguous reception that the French enlightener and his ideas received at that time prompting both imitation and polemics. The origin of these controversies is in the unfavorable image of Russia that Montesquieu represented as a country of despotism and slavery. The ideas developed in the treatise incited various Russian authors to nourish their own thinking about the country, especially concerning such problems as liberty and equality. The article attempts to trace the emergence of this debate in political literature, including the works by F.-H. Strube de Piermont, Catherine II, and Prince M.M. Shcherbatov. Since the examined texts are interdependent, it allows me to speak of the literary polemics of a kind. It is argued that each author develops her own writing strategy in accordance with her specific position in society and intention. A comparative analysis shows the following tendencies. (1) The book by Strube de Piermont is a typical literary refutation intended to rehabilitate Russia's reputation compromised by the author of The Spirit of Laws. (2) Prince Shcherbatov uses Montesquieu's statements about Russia as a reference point for his own deep and original study of the phenomena and processes that existed in Russia. (3) The ambiguous position of Catherine II as both a private person and a monarch is the most vulnerable of the three and forces her to adapt her ideas to this peculiar role.

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