It is known that the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) receptor is involved in limbic brain functions by regulating dopamine transmission and putative reward circuitry. Moreover, other TAARs are expressed in the olfactory system of all studied vertebrate species, sensing innate socially-relevant odors, including pheromones. Therefore, one can assume that TAARs may play a role in rodent social and sexual behavior. A comparative behavioral and biochemical analysis of TAAR1 knockout (TAAR1-KO) and wild-type mice is also important for the preliminary evaluation of the potential side effects of future TAAR1-based therapies. In our studies, we adapted a sexual incentive motivation test for mice to evaluate the sexual behavior of TAAR1-KO and wild-type mice. Previously, similar methods were primarily applied to rats. Furthermore, we measured testosterone and other biochemical parameters in the blood. As a result, we found only minimal alterations in all of the studied parameters. Thus, the lack of TAAR1 does not significantly affect sexual motivation and routine lipid and metabolic blood biochemical parameters, suggesting that future TAAR1-based therapies should have a favorable safety profile.
In the last two decades, interest has grown significantly in the investigation of the role of trace amines and their receptors in mammalian physiology and pathology. Trace amine-associated receptor 9 (TAAR9) is one of the least studied members of this receptor family with unidentified endogenous ligands and an unknown role in the central nervous system and periphery. In this study, we generated two new TAAR9 knockout (TAAR9-KO) rat strains by CRISPR-Cas9 technology as in vivo models to evaluate the role of TAAR9 in mammalian physiology. In these mutant rats, we performed a comparative analysis of a number of hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood. Particularly, we carried out a complete blood count, erythrocyte osmotic fragility test, and screening of a panel of basic biochemical parameters. No significant alterations in any of the hematological and most biochemical parameters were found between mutant and WT rats. However, biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the blood of both strains of TAAR9-KO rats. Such role of TAAR9 in cholesterol regulation not only brings a new understanding of mechanisms and biological pathways of lipid exchange but also provides a new potential drug target for disorders involving cholesterol-related pathology, such as atherosclerosis.
Trace amines and their receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors widely distributed in the central nervous system and periphery. The trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) plays a significant role as a therapeutic target for schizophrenia, depression, diabetes, and obesity. In this study, TAAR1 knockout mice and WT groups were tested in conditions of a high-fructose diet. The consumption of a high-fructose diet may be due to the influence on the metabolism processes by dopamine in the brain, neuromotor function, and level of anxiety of TAAR1 knockout mice. During a comparative analysis of behavioral, biochemical, and morphological parameters, significant differences were found between liver and biochemical parameters, the regulation of protein metabolism (AST/ALT ratio, creatine kinase activity, urea), and alterations in behavior. An elevated plus maze analysis showed the influence of fructose and genetic factors on the level of anxiety. A new marker of the grooming microstructure (depression ratio) was tested, which showed high efficiency as a marker of depression-like behavioral changes and a possible association with dopamine-dependent regulation of protein metabolism. These results confirm a possible association of the TAAR1 gene knockout with an increase in catabolic reaction levels by AST/ALT-dependent and possible dopamine-mediated protein metabolism regulation and depression-like behavior.
Аннотация. Актуальность. Интерпретация данных доклинических испытаний лекарственных средств имеет принципиальное значение. Корректность экстраполяции данных, полученных на животных, на человека обусловлены, в том числе, качественным и количественным разнообразием тестируемых систем, регистрируемых параметров и подходов к их интерпретации, а также статистических методов при определении возможного риска для человека. Цель. Сравнительная оценка параметров безопасности и переносимости, полученных в ходе доклинического и клинического исследования лекарственного препарата Реамберин® (ООО «НТФФ «ПОЛИСАН»), и выработка подходов к совершенствованию процессов планирования клинических исследований по оценке безопасности и переносимости с учётом результатов доклинических исследований. Материалы и методы. Был проведён сравнительный анализ параметров безопасности, возникших в ходе клинического исследования с участием здоровых добровольцев, и отклонений от контрольных уровней клинико-лабораторных показателей, установленных на этапе доклинического исследования на беспородных крысах и кроликах породы шиншилла лекарственного препарата с международным непатентованным наименованием (МНН) -меглюмина натрия сукцинат (торговое наименование (ТН) Реамберин® (ООО «НТФФ «ПОЛИСАН»)). Результаты. Установлены однонаправленные отклонения от нормальных (контрольных) значений, выявленные единичные случаи нежелательные явления у добровольцев (повышение активности печёночных трансаминаз, изменения артериального давления), которые не соотносились с данными доклинического исследования. Количество сопоставляемых показателей у лабораторных животных, для которых были установлены статистически значимые различия между опытными и контрольными группами, значительно превышало численность признаков в виде НЯ у добровольцев.
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