Objectives: To evaluate the complications of Nd:Yag laser when applied onpostoperative posterior capsule opacification (PCO), following extra capsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with intraocularlens (IOL). Design: Analytical and descriptive study. Setting: Eye OPD of DHQ Hospital, PMC and Clinic of ProfessorZia ud Din Ahmad, Faisalabad. Period: From Jan 2006 to Jan 2007. Material & Methods. There were 120 patients;age ranged from 15 years to 80 years with post operated extra capsular cataract extraction with posterior capsularopacification. A Proforma was made which included detailed history of diabetes, hypertension, time period of cataractextraction, other relevant surgical or medical history, and examination e.g. Visual acuity, slit lamp examination,intraocular pressure measurement (applanation tonometry) dilated posterior capsule examination and slit lampbiomicroscopy etc. The patients were kept under observation for 5 hour and called for follow up after one week.Results. Out of 120 patients 70 eyes showed visual improvement from 6/18 to 6/6 (58.34%), while 30 Shown visualacuity improvement from count figures to 6/24 (25%), mild anterior uveitis occurred in 8 cases (6.67%), corneal damagein 2 cases (1.6%) while transient raised Intraocular Pressure (IOP) in 7 cases (5.83%). The damage to IOL observedin 3(2.5%), the corneal damage was seen in 2 cases (1.67%). Conclusions: The Nd; Yag Laser is very effective, cheapand easy mode of treatment for PCO with minimal post laser complications.

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is an idiopathic condition described by serous neurosensory retinal detachment at the posterior pole, usually associated with serous retinal pigment epithelial detachment (PED). CSCR patients as a rule have good visual prognosis. In most of the patients, CSCR is self-limiting and patients regain the last visual acuity. However, some patients may have visual disability due to permanent RPE and photoreceptor damage. Objective: The objective of the study is to determine the effect of intravitreal Bevacizumab in cases of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy in terms of mean change in central macular thickness. Study Design: Interventional experimental study. Settings: The study was conducted in Department of Ophthalmology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad Pakistan. Duration: 2 years from January 2017 to December 2018. Methodology: An aggregate of 95 cases were recruited for the study. Study included both male and female patients with diagnosis of chronic CSCR (at least 6month duration). Best corrected visual acuity, Intra Ocular Pressure on Goldman applanation Tonometer and Optical coherence tomography on Optovue were recorded of both eye of all patients. Before starting the treatment, informed consent was signed by every patient and they were called on the day of injection. Intravitreal off label Bevacizumab (1.25/0.05ml) was given through pars plana in operation theater under aseptic conditions. After injection topical antibiotic drops were given to patients for one week and patients called for follow up after one week, one month, 2 month and 3 months. Same parameters BCVA, IOP, Dilated fundus examine and OCT was recorded on every visit. The final outcome i.e., change in central macular thickness was recorded. Results: In this study, out of 95 cases, 53.68%(n=51) were between 30-45 years of age while 46.32%(n=44) were between 46-60 years of age, mean ± SD was calculated as 46.83+7.82 years, 74.74%(n=71) were male and 25.26%(n=24) were females. Pre-treatment mean central macular thickness was recorded as 344.77+14.61µ which reduced to 154.57+16.57 µ, mean difference was recorded as 190.2+21.46 µ, p value was 0.0001 showing a significant difference. Conclusion: We concluded that intravitreal Bevacizumab significantly reduced central macular thickness in cases of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.

Objectives: To describe the variation of axial length in patients undergoingcataract surgery. Study design: A retrospective case series. Place and duration of study: At OpthalmologicalDepartment, Allied Hospital, PMC, Faisalabad from May 2006 to June 2007. Patients and methods: The axial lengthof 566 patients who were admitted for cataract surgery were measured with A. scan (Axis II, Quantel). The elevenpatients with age below 15 years and above 90 years and with history of trauma, corneal scarring were excluded. Sothere were 555 patients for this study. A careful history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, trauma, previous history ofsurgery, glaucoma and uveitis was taken, and slit lamp examination, tonometry, pupillary reactions, perception andprojection of light was done. The data collected was entered in specially designed Performa. An average of tenreadings of axial lengths with A-Scan for each patient was taken. Results: Out of 555 patients, there were 350 male(63.06%) and 205 female (36.94%) patients. There were 250(45.05%) patients having age between 46 to 60 years.There were 27(4.86%) patients having age between 15 to 30 years and the same number 27(4.86%) of patients wasseem having age between 76 to 90 years. The most of the patients 273(49.18%) had axial length between 23mm to25 mm. There were only 3 patients with axial length between 29.01 to 31 mm. There were a significant number ofpatients, 230(41.45%) having axial length between 21.01 to 23mm. Conclusion: The biometry depends upon axiallength, kratometry and anterior chamber depth. Most of the formulae supposed for IOL calculations depend upon onlytwo factors, the axial length and the keratometry. In our community, short and long eyes are very rare and so SRK-Tformula for IOL calculations provides satisfactory postoperative results. The axial length carries more importance asits variation causes a gross change in IOL power and postoperative refractive errors.

Objective: To determine the final anatomical success (Retinal attachment) after pneumatic retinopexy in patients having rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with superior breaks. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Settings: Ophthalmology Department Allied Hospital (Faisalabad Medical University) Faisalabad Pakistan. Duration: Two years & 6 moths from January 2016 to June 2018. Methodology: This study was done on 78 diagnosed cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with superior breaks. These cases underwent Pneumatic Retinopexy (PR) by injecting 0.5ml of SF6 in the vitreous cavity and Cryopexy to the break in the same setting followed by proper positioning. Final anatomical success (Retinal attachment) after pneumatic retinopexy in patients having rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with superior breaks was recorded in 69 patients (88.5%). Results: Pneumatic Retinopexy showed 88.5% success in selected cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and 11.5% failure after this procedure. Conclusion: The post-operated anatomical and functional results were excellent so favoring this technique to be applied as primary procedure for repair of Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).