The growing forest bioeconomy calls for enhancing wood production in Finland. Accordingly, we studied phenotypic differences and correlations for growth and wood density traits in 25 Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) genotypes grown in a field trial established in the 1970s in southeastern Finland. We also studied the effect of the geographical origin of parent trees. The clones represented six southern Finnish and two southwestern Russian clones and three Finnish–Swiss, eight Finnish–German, three Finnish–Latvian, and three Finnish–Estonian hybrid clones. Some local Finnish clones (e.g., V43) and provenance hybrid clones (e.g., Finnish–German V449 and V381) clearly displayed higher stem volume than the average over all of the clones and relatively high overall wood density (and wood biomass yield). The increase in latitudinal transfer distance of parent trees compared with the latitude of the trial seemed to decrease the height, diameter at breast height, and stem volume, but the effect was not significant (p > 0.05). The overall wood density was affected significantly only by the latitude of the father parent trees (p < 0.05). Wood density traits showed clearly lower phenotypic variation compared with other traits. Contrary to our hypothesis, none of the studied hybrids showed superior properties compared with the local Finnish clones.
Development of height growth and frost hardiness for one-year-old Norway spruce seedlings in greenhouse conditions in response to elevated temperature and atmospheric CO 2 concentrationLevkoev E., Mehtätalo L., Luostarinen K., Pulkkinen P., Zhigunov A., Peltola H. (2018). Development of height growth and frost hardiness for one-year-old Norway spruce seedlings in greenhouse conditions in response to elevated temperature and atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Silva Fennica vol. 52 no. 3 article id 9980. 15 p. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.9980 Highlights• Elevated temperature resulted in increased height growth, delayed onset and shortened duration of autumn frost hardiness development in Norway spruce seedlings. • Elevated temperature increased variation between genotypes in height growth and frost hardiness development. • Elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration had no effect on the development of height or autumn frost hardiness in Norway spruce seedlings. AbstractThe mean temperature during the potential growing season (April-September) may increase by 1 °C by 2030, and by 4 °C, or even more, by 2100, accompanied by an increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations of 536-807 ppm, compared to the current climate of 1981-2010, in which atmospheric CO 2 is at about 350 ppm. This may affect both the growth and frost hardiness of boreal trees. In this work, we studied the responses of height and autumn frost hardiness development in 22 half-sib genotypes of one-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings to elevated temperatures and atmospheric CO 2 concentration under greenhouse conditions. The three climate treatments used were: T+1 °C above ambient and ambient CO 2 ; T+4 °C above ambient and ambient CO 2 ; and T+4 °C above ambient and elevated CO 2 (700 ppm). The height growth rate and final height were both higher under T+4 °C compared to T+1 °C. Temperature increase also delayed the onset, and shortened the duration, of autumn frost hardiness development. Elevated CO 2 did not affect the development of height or frost hardiness, when compared to the results without CO 2 elevation under the same temperature treatment. Higher temperatures resulted in greater variation in height and frost hardiness development among genotypes. Three genotypes with different genetic backgrounds showed superior height growth, regardless of climate treatment; however, none showed a superior development of autumn frost hardiness. In future studies, clonal or full-sib genetic material should be used to study the details of autumn frost hardiness development among different genotypes.
В условиях климатических изменений и стремительно сокращающихся запасов природных ресурсов усиливается внимание к лесам как важному источнику экосистемных услуг и сырья. В сфере особого внимания находится генетическое разнообразие основных лесообразующих пород. Это связано с тем, что генетическое разнообразие является основой устойчивости и селекционного потенциала насаждений. Сегодня во всем мире прилагаются значительные усилия по изучению и сохранению биологического и генетического разнообразия лесных древесных пород с целью создания устойчивых лесных экосистем. Один из наиболее важных вопросов здесь - определение влияния селекционных мероприятий (отбор лучших с хозяйственной точки зрения генотипов) на уровень генетического разнообразия. Выполнена оценка влияния селекционных мероприятий на фенотипическое и генетическое разнообразие исследуемых популяций ели европейской и сосны обыкновенной. Объектами исследования для настоящей работы послужили испытательные культуры сосны обыкновенной и ели европейской, заложенные по принятой в лесном хозяйстве схеме стандартных лесных культур. На основе сопоставления скорости роста семенного потомства плюсовых деревьев и семенного потомства стандартных насаждений произведена оценка влияния селекционных мероприятий на фенотипическое и генетическое разнообразие исследуемых популяций. Фенотипическое варьирование в рамках популяций оцениваются на основе стандартного отклонения биометрических показателей. Уровень генетического разнообразия и его возрастная динамика оцениваются по значениям коэффициентов наследуемости в широком смысле основных биометрических показателей. По результатам выполненного анализа не было выявлено существенного влияния селекционного отбора плюсовых деревьев на фенотипическое и генетическое разнообразие семенного потомства плюсовых деревьев. Under conditions of changing climate and natural resources depletion, interest to the forests as to important source of ecosystem services and a raw material is growing stronger. At that, attention on a genetic diversity of the forest forming species is focused. This is because the genetic diversity is considered to be related with selection potential and sustainability of the treestands. Nowadays, significant efforts are put in research and preservation of biologic and genetic diversity. In the context of genetic diversity preservation problem, research on breeding program effects on the genetic diversity of artificial treestands is important. In current research, evaluation of breeding program effects on genetic and phenotypic diversity of Norway spruce and Scotch pine trials has been carried out. To estimate the effect, comparison of the growth rate for plus tree progenies and control progenies was made for the studied trials. The phenotypic variation for the progenies studied is estimated based on standard deviation of biometric parameters. The level of genetic diversity and its age dynamics is estimated based on broad-sense heritability coefficients of biometric parameters. As the result, no significant effects of breeding programs on phenotypic and genetic diversity of plus tree progenies is observed.
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