Whilst there appears to be a small effect in favour of exercise in reducing depression and anxiety scores in the general population of children and adolescents, the small number of studies included and the clinical diversity of participants, interventions and methods of measurement limit the ability to draw conclusions. It makes little difference whether the exercise is of high or low intensity. The effect of exercise for children in treatment for anxiety and depression is unknown as the evidence base is scarce.

A systematic review to determine if exercise alone or as part of a comprehensive intervention can improve self esteem in children and young people is described.Twenty three randomised controlled trials were analysed. A synthesis of several small, low quality trials indicates that exercise may have short term beneficial effects on self esteem in children and adolescents. However, high quality research on defined populations with adequate follow up is needed.

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This Campbell systematic review examines the impact of exercise interventions on the self‐esteem of children and young people. The review summarise findings from 23 studies conducted in the USA, Canada, Australia and Nigeria. Participants were children and adolescents between the ages of 3–20 years and a total of 1,821 participants were included in the studies. Exercise interventions have positive effects on self‐esteem, at least in the short‐term. The finding is the same for interventions which comprise exercise alone, and those including exercise as part of a more comprehensive programme. There was no significant difference in effects according to the type of exercise intervention or intervention duration. No follow‐up results were given so long‐run effects are not known. However, there are several methodological weaknesses including risk of moderate to high bias in the studies and insufficient data, which reduces the strength of the current evidence. As such, further research that provides stronger evidence of the effectiveness of exercise programmes on self‐esteem is needed. Furthermore, there is a need for follow‐up data to demonstrate the extent to which the effects of programmes are maintained over time. Synopsis Some evidence that exercise has positive short‐term effects on self‐esteem in children and young people Improving self‐esteem may help to prevent the development of psychological and behavioural problems which are common in children and adolescents. Strong evidence exists for the benefits of exercise on physical health, but evidence for the effects of exercise on mental health is scarce. This review of trials suggests that exercise has positive short‐term effects on self‐esteem in children and young people, and concludes that exercise may be an important measure in improving children's self‐esteem. However, the reviewers note that the trials included in the review were small‐scale, and recognise the need for further well‐designed research in this area. Abstract BackgroundPsychological and behavioural problems in children and adolescents are common, and improving self‐esteem may help to prevent the development of such problems. There is strong evidence for the positive physical health outcomes of exercise, but the evidence of exercise on mental health is scarce. ObjectivesTo determine if exercise alone or exercise as part of a comprehensive intervention can improve self‐esteem among children and young people. Search strategyComputerised searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL), CINAHL, PsycINFO and ERIC were undertaken and reference lists from relevant articles were scanned. Relevant studies were also traced by contacting authors. Dates of most recent searches: May 2003 in (CENTRAL), all others: January 2002. Selection criteriaRandomised controlled trials where the study population consisted of children and young people aged from 3 to 20 years, in which one intervention arm was gross motor activity for more than four weeks and the outcome measure was self‐estee...

The results indicate that exercise has positive short-term effects on self-esteem in children and young people. Since there are no known negative effects of exercise and many positive effects on physical health, exercise may be an important measure in improving children's self-esteem. These conclusions are based on several small low-quality trials.

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