This paper reports on a pedagogical approach to the teaching of chemical equations introduced to first year university students with little previous chemical knowledge. During the instruction period students had to interpret and construct diagrams of reactions at the submicro level, and relate them to chemical equations at the symbolic level with the aim of improving their conceptual understanding of chemical equations and stoichiometry. Students received instruction in symbol conventions, practice through graded tutorial tasks, and feedback on their efforts over the semester. Analysis of the student responses to formative test and summative exam items over consecutive years indicates that there was a consistent improvement in the abilities of the various cohorts to answer stoichiometry questions correctly. The responses provide evidence for diagrams of the submicro level being used as tools for reasoning in solving chemical problems, to recognise misconceptions of chemical formulae and to recognise the value of using various multiple representations of chemical reactions connecting the submicro and symbolic levels of representation. The student-generated submicro diagrams serve as a visualisation tool for teaching and learning abstract concepts in solving stoichiometric problems. We argue that the use of diagrams of the submicro level provides a more complete picture of the reaction, rather than a net summary of a chemical equation, leading to a deeper conceptual understanding.
The Panel recommended a new treatment algorithm for moderate-to-severe psoriasis whereby all appropriate treatment options, including biologic agents, are considered together and patients' specific characteristics and needs are taken into account when selecting the most appropriate treatment option.
Applied mechanical vibration is a safe and effective method for managing heel lance pain. This pilot study suggests that mechanical vibration warrants further exploration as a nonpharmacologic pain management tool among the neonatal population.
In the present report, following a brief review of the epidemiology of and clinical diagnosis criteria for atopic dermatitis, the recommendations for treatment and management are detailed. These recommendations, which are intended to provide clinicians with a useful and valuable tool to help manage their patients with atopic dermatitis, are divided into the following sections: epidemiology, diagnosis, general measures/skin care, acute management of atopic dermatitis, long-term management/disease control, adjunct therapies, and considerations for switching between antiinflammatory therapies/handling treatment failure. General measures discussed include hydration with bathing and the use of moisturizers. Management strategies discussed include topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, antihistamines and anti-infectives. A management algorithm is also presented.
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