A web-based survey of members of the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science tested a model that proposed that the effects of science support experiences on commitment to science careers would be mediated by science self-efficacy and identity as a scientist. A sample of 327 undergraduates and 338 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows described their science support experiences (research experience, mentoring, and community involvement); psychological variables (science self-efficacy, leadership/teamwork self-efficacy, and identity as a scientist); and commitment to pursue a career in scientific research. Structural equation model analyses supported our predictions. Among the undergraduates, science (but not leadership/teamwork), self-efficacy, and identity as a scientist fully mediated the effects of science support experiences and were strong predictors of commitment. Results for the graduate/postdoctoral sample revealed a very similar pattern of results, with the added finding that all three psychological mediators, including leadership/teamwork self-efficacy, predicted commitment.

This article reports 4 experiments that used the psychological refractory period procedure to characterize how people perform multiple tasks concurrently. For each experiment, a primary choice-reaction task was paired with a secondary choice-reaction task that had two levels of response-selection difficulty. Experiments 1 and 2 varied secondary-task response-selection difficulty by manipulating the number of stimulus-response (S-R) pairs. The effect of this factor on secondary-task reaction times (RTs) decreased reliably as the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) decreased. Experiments 3 and 4 varied secondary-task response-selection difficulty by manipulating S-R compatibility. Again, the effect of this factor on secondary-task RTs decreased reliably as SOA decreased. These results raise doubts about the existence of an immutable structural response-selection bottleneck and suggest that response selection for 2 concurrent tasks may overlap temporally.

Prior research shows that undergraduates tend to identify more strongly with the field of science after participating in scientific research. However, mediators that might account for this association are not well understood. In the current study, we propose that science self-efficacy may serve this mediational function. Specifically, data from a 2-year longitudinal study were used to test a model in which science selfefficacy was expected to mediate the association between research involvement and identity as a scientist. The ethnically diverse sample included 251 undergraduates who were recruited from colleges and universities across the United States. The hypothesized mediation model was tested with a cross-lagged panel analysis. As expected, greater levels of research experience at Time 1 predicted higher identity as a scientist at Time 3, and this association was mediated by science self-efficacy at Time 2. Exploratory analyses testing for ethnic and gender differences in the model suggested that the associations in the model were similar for undergraduates from diverse backgrounds. From a theoretical standpoint, the current study provides novel insight into how research experience, efficacy, and identity relate to one another over time. Applied implications center on the importance of involving undergraduates in research that has the potential to bolster their science self-efficacy. # 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach

Few studies have examined objectification in the context of romantic relationships, even though strong theoretical arguments have often made this connection. This study addresses this gap in the literature by examining whether exposure to mass media is related to self-objectification and objectification of one’s partner, which in turn is hypothesized to be related to relationship and sexual satisfaction. A sample of undergraduate students (91 women and 68 men) enrolled in a university on the west coast of the United States completed self-report measures of the following variables: self-objectification, objectification of one’s romantic partner, relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and exposure to objectifying media. Men reported higher levels of partner objectification than did women; there was no gender difference in self-objectification. Self- and partner-objectification were positively correlated; this correlation was especially strong for men. In regression analyses, partner-objectification was predictive of lower levels of relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, a path model revealed that consuming objectifying media is related to lowered relationship satisfaction through the variable of partner-objectification. Finally, self- and partner-objectification were related to lower levels of sexual satisfaction among men. This study provides evidence for the negative effects of objectification in the context of romantic relationships among young adults.

Past research has revealed associations between television viewing and sexual attitudes and behaviors. We examined a burgeoning new television genre, reality dating programs (RDPs). Undergraduate students (ages 18-24) reported their overall television viewing, their RDP viewing, and their involvement with RDPs (watching in order to learn and watching in order to be entertained). They also completed measures of attitudes toward sex, dating, and relationships, and answered questions about sexual behavior. Most participants were occasional or frequent viewers of at least one RDP. Men reported using RDPs for learning more than did women; there was no gender difference in use of RDPs for entertainment. Total amount of RDP viewing was positively correlated, for both men and women, with adversarial sexual beliefs, endorsement of a sexual double standard, and the beliefs that men are sex-driven, that appearance is important in dating, and that dating is a game. In all cases, however, these relationships were partially or totally mediated through viewer involvement. Men and women who watched RDPs tended to be less sexually experienced; there were few other correlations with sexual behaviors.

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We pres ent pre lim i nary re sults from the Be trayal Trauma In ven tory (BTI) test ing pre dic tions from be trayal trauma the ory (Freyd, 1994, 1996, in press) about the re la tion ship be tween am ne sia and betrayal by a care giver. The BTI as sesses trauma his tory us ing behaviorally de fined events in the do mains of sex ual, phys i cal, and emo tional childhood abuse, as well as other life time trau matic events. When par tic i pants en dorse an abuse ex pe ri ence, fol low-up ques tions as sess a va ri ety of factors in clud ing mem ory im pair ment and per pe tra tor re la tion ship. Pre lim inary re sults sup port our pre dic tion that abuse per pe trated by a care giver is re lated to less per sis tent mem o ries of abuse. This re la tion ship is sig nif-Jennifer J. Freyd and Anne P. DePrince are af fil i ated with the De part ment of Psychol ogy, Uni ver sity of Or e gon, Eu gene, OR.

The present study investigated whether implicit social motives and cognitive power-sex associations would predict self-reports of aggressive sexual behavior. Participants wrote stories in response to Thematic Apperception Test pictures, which were scored for power and affiliation-intimacy motives. They also completed a lexical-decision priming task that provided an index of the strength of the cognitive association between the concepts of "power" and "sexuality." For men, high levels of power motivation and strong power-sex associations predicted more frequent aggression. There was also an interaction: Power motivation was unrelated to aggression for men with the weakest power-sex associations. For women, high levels of affiliation-intimacy motivation were associated with more frequent aggression. Strong power-sex associations were also predictive for women but only when affiliationintimacy motivation was high.Sexual aggression is a widespread problem with devastating consequences for both victims and society at large. In a recent ~review, Koss (1993) stated that estimates of the prevalence of rape in adult women range from 14% to 25% in most studies; 1997 statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics (Abma, Chandra, Mosher, Peterson, & Piccinino, 1997) fall within that range, with 20% of women reporting ever having been forced to have intercourse. The personal consequences to the victim of an assault are often severe (for reviews, see Koss, 1993;Koss, Heise, & Russo, 1994;and Resick, 1993). These consequences include depression (Wyatt, 1992), posttraumatic stress disorder (Solomon & Davidson, 1997), general ill health (Golding, Cooper, & George, 1997), and increased risk for suicide (Davidson, Hughes, George, & Blazer, 1996). Other forms of coercive sexuality, such as sexual Eileen L. Zurbriggen, Department of Psychology, New York University. Portions of this research were presented at the meeting of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 1998; at the 21st Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, July 1998; and at the 106th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, California, August 1998. This article is based on a portion of my doctoral dissertation, submitted to the University of Michigan, which was supported by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Individual National Research Service Award F31MH11468, a University of Michigan Rackham Dissertation/Thesis Grant, and grants from the University of Michigan Psychology Department. Preparation of the article was supported by NIMH Institutional National Research Service Award T32MH19890.I gratefully acknowledge the advice and support of my dissertation committee: Elizabeth Anderson; David Meyer; Abigail Stewart; and especially my advisor, David Winter. I also thank Ted Sturman for assistance with coding and Lauren Duncan, Rowell Huesmann, Aurora Sherman, Patrick Shrout, Eric Stone, Larissa Tiedens, and Jul...