A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences in 31 species, four varieties and four cultivars of Lachenalia, two species of Massonia and three species of Polyxena was made. These three genera have been considered as closely related with each other. The ITS sequence data confirmed that Massonia was clearly different from Lachenalia and Polyxena. Polyxena constructed one clade distinguished from Lachenalia. The species of Lachenalia used showed a correlationship between ITS sequence data and karyotypes, excepting the species with the basic chromosome numbers x=7 and x=8 did not show any correlationship with those with the other basic chromosome numbers. Similarities of their arrays of ITS sequence data among species with x=8 were greater than those among the species with x=7. Lachenalia pusilla and L. muirii which had x=7 formed a clade with the species with x=8. Differences in The species with the basic chromosome numbers of X=7 and 8 showed less differences in correlationship between ITS sequence data and karyotypes than those with other basic chromosome numbers It was suggested that the species of Lachenalia with the basic chromosome numbers of x=7 and 8 might be originated from a common ancestor, while the other species of the genus with basic chromosome numbers other than x=7 and 8 might be originated from other ancestor-else.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance Traditional pharmacopeias have been developed by multiple cultures and evaluated for efficacy and safety through both historical/empirical iteration and more recently through controlled studies using Western scientific paradigms and an increasing emphasis on data science methodologies for network pharmacology. Traditional medicines represent likely sources of relatively inexpensive drugs for symptomatic management as well as potential libraries of new therapeutic approaches. Leveraging this potential requires hard evidence for efficacy that separates science from pseudoscience. Materials and Methods We performed a review of non-Western medical systems and developed case studies that illustrate the epistemological and practical translative barriers that hamper their transition to integration with Western approaches. We developed a new data analytics approach, in silico convergence analysis, to deconvolve modes of action, and potentially predict desirable components of TM-derived formulations based on computational consensus analysis across cultures and medical systems. Results Abstraction, simplification and altered dose and delivery modalities were identified as factors that influence actual and perceived efficacy once a medicine is moved from a non-Western to Western setting. Case studies on these factors highlighted issues with translation between non-Western and Western epistemologies, including those where epistemological and medicinal systems drive markets that can be epicenters for zoonoses such as the novel Coronavirus. The proposed novel data science approach demonstrated the ability to identify and predict desirable medicinal components for a test indication, pain. Conclusions Relegation of traditional therapies to the relatively unregulated nutraceutical industry may lead healthcare providers and patients to underestimate the therapeutic potential of these medicines. We suggest three areas of emphasis for this field: First, vertical integration and embedding of traditional medicines into healthcare systems would subject them to appropriate regulation and evidence-based practice, as viable integrative implementation mode. Second, we offer a new Bradford-Hill-like framework for setting research priorities and evaluating efficacy, with the goal of rescuing potentially valuable therapies from the nutraceutical market and discrediting those that are pseudoscience. Third, data analytics pipelines offer new capacity to generate new types of TMS-inspired medicines that are rationally-designed based on integrated knowledge across cultures, and also provide an evaluative framework against which to test claims of fidelity and efficacy to TMS made for nutraceuticals.

ABSTRACT. Somatic chromosomes in 12 species and one variety of Lachenalia and their closely related, two species of Massonia and three species of Polyxena, all in the Liliaceae, were studied. The resting nuclei of all of the taxa studied were commonly classified as the round prochromosome type. The mitotic prophase chromosomes of the taxa studied were commonly classified as the proximal type. However, their chromosome numbers varied from 2n=14, 16, 18, 22, 24, 26 to 28. The chromosome numbers of 2n = 14 in Lachenalia algoensis, L. aloides 'Lutea', and L. longibracteata; 2n = 18 in L. latimerae; and 2n = 28 in Massonia pustulata and Polyxena longituba were reported here for the first time. The 13 taxa of Lachenalia studied were classified karyotypically into six groups. The two species of Massonia studied showed commonly the bimodal karyotype with four large chromosomes and the three species of Polyxena studied showed commonly the bimodal karyotype with three large chromosomes. The species of Massonia displayed much larger chromosomes at mitotic metaphase than those of the other two genera.

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2018). Next-generation sequencing and bioassay of viruses in Rehmannia glutinosa. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 84: 151-157.Chinese foxglove and glutinous rehmannia are major cultivated lines of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et C.A.Mey., which belongs to the family Rehmanniaceae, and their roots are widely used with other medicinal herbs as traditional natural medicine. These plants are grown by vegetative propagation; therefore, once plant pathogenic viruses infect to these plants, the pathogens remain in the plant and affect root quality and yield. Since identification of pathogenic viruses in the plants is fundamental to controlling viral diseases, we used a bioassay and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate plant viruses infecting Chinese foxglove and glutinous rehmannia in Toyama Prefecture in Japan. Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) and Cucumber mosaic virus were detected with NGS and isolated by bioassay from Chinese foxglove. Several contigs of nucleotide sequences of six plant viruses such as Amazon lily mild mottle virus (ALiMMV), BBWV2, Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV), Cnidium vein yellowing virus (CVYV), Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV) and Youcai mosaic virus (YoMV) were detected with NGS from glutinous rehmannia. Of these, BBWV2, PlAMV and YoMV were successfully isolated by bioassay, and partial genome sequences of ALiMMV, CLBV and CVYV were detected by RT-PCR. Back inoculation of virus-free host plants with the individual isolated viruses showed that infected Chinese foxglove exhibited mild yellowing and mosaic symptoms, but glutinous rehmannia did not have any symptoms in single viral infection. These results suggest that in fields, latent infections of glutinous rehmannia with these viruses should be considered important for controlling secondary infection of any neighboring or rotation crops. This report is the first of BBWV2, PlAMV and YoMV as causal agents of viral diseases in Chinese foxglove and glutinous rehmannia in Japan. (緒 言 ジオウ(地黄，学名；Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et C.A.Mey.)は，ジオウ科に属する栄養繁殖性の 多年生植物で，根部などの形態の違いによりカイケイジオ ウ(英名 Chinese foxglove)とアカヤジオウ(英名 Glutinous rehmannia)の 2 系統に分けられ，わが国で栽培されている． ジオウの根部は乾燥して漢方薬の原料として加工され，一 部を種根として翌年の栽培用に保存する．わが国では毎年 約 400 トンが漢方薬の原料として使用されるが，その多く 1 国立研究開発法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 遺伝資源センター(〒 305-8602 茨城県つくば市観音台 2-1-2) Genetic