A novel detector for flow injection analysis has been developed based on the optical beam deflection induced by the chemical reaction heat. A new flow cell was designed, in which the lower part is filled with CC14 and an HCl solution is flowed above the CC14 phase. An NaOH solution is injected into the flow line to react with the HCI. The neutralization heat is transferred to the CCIa phase, thus generating a temperature gradient. This temperature gradient induces a refractive index gradient which, in turn, generates a deflection of a probe beam that is passed through the CCIa phase. The effects of the flow rate and the length of the cell on the deflection signals have been investigated. The deflection signal was found to be proportional to the concentration of NaOH in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 mol/l by using the flow cell. The detection limit of the NaOH concentration was about 0.05 mol/l. Another type of the flow cell is also discussed.
A new chemical strategy using a specific chelate complex for the recently introduced "Cold Sintering Process" (CSP) shows the ability to obtain high densification in spinel-based ceramics. CSP is the technique for sintering many kinds of ceramics at low temperatures, no more than 300°C, enabled with a transient solvent. However, spinel ceramics are one of the most difficult materials, in which CSP typically does not achieve high densities.The chelating agent was introduced to aid the sintering of spinel-based ceramics that include important spinel materials, such as NiCuZn ferrite and NiMn thermistor. Chelate complex assisted CSP aids our basic tool box for enabling the CSP mechanism, and points to the potential of applying this approach to an even broader group of ceramic structures and chemistries.
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