Objective To evaluate the effect of botulinum neurotoxin type‐A (BoNT‐A) on chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) refractory to medical therapy. Materials and Methods Between November 2011 and January 2013, 60 men aged ≥18 years with CP/CPPS, and with National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH‐CPSI) scores ≥10 and pain subscale scores ≥8, who were refractory to 4–6 weeks' medical therapy, underwent transurethral intraprostatic injection of BoNT‐A or normal saline in a prospective pilot double‐blind randomized study. The patients' NIH‐CPSI total and subscale scores, American Urological Association (AUA)‐symptom score (SS), visual analogue scale (VAS) and quality of life (QoL) scores and frequencies of diurnal and nocturnal urination were evaluated and compared at baseline and at 1, 3 and 6 months after injection and also were compared between the two groups. Results A total of 60 consecutive patients were randomized to a BoNT‐A (treatment) or normal saline (placebo) group. In the treatment group at the 1‐, 3‐ and 6‐month evaluation the NIH‐CPSI total and subscale scores, and the AUA‐SS, VAS and QoL scores, along with frequencies of diurnal and nocturnal urinations, had significantly improved compared with baseline values (P < 0.05). By contrast, in the placebo group, none of these values showed improvement and the values were significantly different from those in the treatment group. Although the differences between the two groups in AUA‐SS and frequencies of nocturnal urination were not significant at 1‐month follow‐up, repeated‐measure analysis showed significant improvement in each of these values over the entire follow‐up period in the treatment group. The most prominent improvement was related to the pain subscale score, which decreased by 64.76, 75.63 and 79.97% at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment compared with baseline, followed by the VAS score, which decreased by 62.3, 72.4 and 82.1% at each follow‐up, respectively. Only two patients developed mild transient gross haematuria, which was managed conservatively. Conclusions Transurethral intraprostatic BoNT‐A injection maybe an effective therapeutic option in patients with CP/CPPS as it reduces pain and improves QoL.

Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to millions of deaths worldwide. Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are a fragile population due to their immunosuppressed status. However, there are limited studies available comparing this population with the general population regarding clinical symptoms, and laboratory and imaging features as well as disease severity and clinical outcomes. Methods A total of 24 KTRs and 40 patients from the general population (control group) were enrolled after applying exclusion criteria. Clinical symptoms, laboratory values, and lung involvement patterns in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were compared between KTRs with COVID-19 and their counterparts from the general population. Moreover, the category of disease severity and adverse outcomes such as intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (MV), and mortality rate were also compared between these two groups. Results Hypertension was significantly higher among KTRs. Dyspnea was significantly more among the control group (P = 0.045). There was no significant difference in the rest of clinical symptoms (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in CT features as well, except pleural effusion, which was more prevalent in the control group. A lower absolute lymphocytic count (ALC) and platelet count were observed in KTRs. Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) had a higher elevation in creatinine level than their counterparts. The ICU admission, MV, duration of hospital stay, and mortality as adverse outcomes were not significantly different between the KTR and control groups. Conclusion In conclusion, there was no significant difference in the severity and risk of adverse outcomes, including MV, ICU admission, and mortality between KTRs under chronic immunosuppression and the control group.

BMI, stone burden, imaging for access, and calix for access were effective parameters on operative time in complete supine PCNL. Groups of BMI, previous stone surgery and SWL, number of tracts, and tubeless approach had no effect on operative time.

The KCNJ11 E23K polymorphism is not associated with genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Iranian population; however, it may play a role in disease progression in the presence of obesity.