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BackgroundNon-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders around the world including Iran. One of the most widely used modalities in the field of physiotherapy is therapeutic ultrasound (US). Despite its common use, there is still inconclusive evidence to support its effectiveness in patients with NSCLBP. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous US compared with placebo US additional to exercise therapy for patients with NSCLBP.MethodsIn this single blind placebo controlled study, 50 patients with NSCLBP were randomized into two treatment groups: 1) continuous US (1 MHz &1.5 W/cm2) plus exercise 2) placebo US plus exercise. Patients received treatments for 4 weeks, 10 treatment sessions, 3 times per week, every other day. Treatment effects were assessed in terms of primary outcome measures: 1) functional disability, measured by Functional Rating Index, and 2) global pain, measured by a visual analog scale. Secondary outcome measures were lumbar flexion and extension range of motion (ROM), endurance time and rate of decline in median frequency of electromyography spectrum during a Biering Sorensen test. All outcome variables were measured before, after treatment, and after one-month follow-up. An intention to treat analysis was performed. Main effects of Time and Group as well as their interaction effect on outcome measures were investigated using repeated measure ANOVA.ResultsAnalysis showed that both groups had improved regarding function (FRI) and global pain (VAS) (P < .001). Lumbar ROM as well as holding time during the Sorensen test and median frequency slope of all measured paravertebral muscles did not change significantly in either group (P > .05). Improvement in function and lumbar ROM as well as endurance time were significantly greater in the group receiving continuous US (P < .05).ConclusionsThe study showed that adding continuous US to a semi supervised exercise program significantly improved function, lumbar ROM and endurance time. Further studies including a third group of only exercise and no US can establish the possible effects of placebo US.Trial registrationNTR2251

The findings of the present trial shows that adding TENS to a specific protocol of semi-supervised exercise in the first phase of rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction is not efficient on improving knee function and pain more than exercise alone. Implications for Rehabilitation Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee is a common injury specifically in athletes. Incorporating effective pain relieving strategies during the post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery rehabilitation could lead to improvement in regaining the range of motion and function of the knee which is of crucial importance after the surgery. Applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation alongside a specific protocol of semi-supervised exercise in the first phase of rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction did not have any additional effect to exercise alone.

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Larger population studies in the context of high quality, randomized clinical trial are needed to validate the results.

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