The phylogeography of the Kaloula genus in East Asia is still poorly understood. One of the difficulties is the absence of fossils to corroborate molecular dating estimates. Here, we examined the mitochondrial structure of Kaloula spp. in East Asia and focused on the impact of glaciations on the northernmost species: Kaloula borealis. We determined the phylogenetic relationships, molecular dating, and genetic connectivity assessments within the genus from 1211 bp of concatenated mitochondrial 12S and 16S. The relaxed clock analyses reveal the emergence of Kaloula spp. common ancestor in East and Southeast Asia between the Eocene and Oligocene, c. 38.47 Ma (24.69–53.65). The genetic diversification of lineages then increased on the East Asian Mainland during the Lower Miocene, c. 20.10 (8.73–30.65), most likely originating from the vicariance and radiation triggered by the orogeny of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Later, the dispersal towards the North East Asian Mainland during the Upper Miocene drove the population diversification of K. borealis c. 9.01 Ma (3.66–15.29). Finally, the central mainland population became isolated following orogenesis events and diverged into K. rugifera during the Pliocene, c. 3.06 Ma (0.02–10.90). The combination of population genetic and barrier analyses revealed a significant genetic isolation between populations of Kaloula spp. matching with the massive Qinling–Daba Mountain chain located in south‐central China. Finally, we highlight a young divergence within the Eastern Mainland population of K. borealis, possibly attributed to refugia in south eastern China from which populations later expanded.

The subclass Patellogastropoda (called “true limpets”) is one of the most primitive groups of the Gastropoda and contains approximately 350 species worldwide. Within this subclass, internal phylogeny among family members, including relationships of the “Acmaeidae” with other patellogastropod families, remains incompletely clarified. Here, we newly determined two complete mitochondrial genome sequences of “Acmaeidae” (Acmaea mitra and Niveotectura pallida) and one sequence from Lottiidae species (Discurria insessa) and combined them with mitochondrial genome sequences of 20 other published limpet species for phylogenetic analysis of the sequence dataset (nucleotides and amino acids) of 13 protein-coding genes using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The resulting phylogenetic trees showed monophyly of Patellogastropoda species that were subsequently subdivided into two clades [clade I (Nacellidae, Pectinodontidae, Acmaeidae, and Patellidae) and clade II (Eoacmaeidae and Lottiidae)]. The sister relationship between the Acmaeidae and Pectinodontidae species revealed by phylogenetic analysis was also supported by sharing their similar gene arrangement patterns, which differ substantially from those of clade II members including the Lottiidae species. The polyphyletic relationship between Acmaeidae (grouped with Pectinodontidae as a sister taxon in clade I) and Lottiidae species (grouped with Eoacmaeidae in clade II) corroborates that they are phylogenetically distinct from each other. This mitochondrial genome phylogeny contradicts previous morphology-based hypotheses, yet highlights that Acmaeidae and Pectinodontidae are the most closely related. Further in-depth analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequences based on a broad range of samples including those from relatively unstudied and/or underrepresented taxa is required to fully understand the mitochondrial genome evolution and a more comprehensive phylogeny among the major groups of the Patellogastropoda.

This study aims to determine the composition and structure of the macrozoobenthos community in Batang Air Dingin and water quality based on BMWP ASPT. This study used a survey method in determining the station by purposive sampling, based on typhical environmental condition along the river. Macrozoobenthos samples was collected by using surber net 30x30 cm2. The result showed the community in the form of Gastropods 6 genera, Insecta 26 genera, Oligochaeta 1 genus, and Hirudinea 1 genus. Total density of macrozoobenthos in the Batang Air Dingin river was 1182,22ind/m2 ranging from 180,00 ind/m2 to 402,22 ind/m2 with the highest density was found in the first station and the lowest at station four. The predominant type found at each station is different, station I is Elophyla, Neopherla, Hydropsyche; station II Eukifferiella, Polypedilum, Elophyla, Hydropsyche; station III Clithon, Eukifferiella, Polypedilum, Orthocladius; station IV Clithonand Thiara. The diversity of macrozoobenthos in Batang Air Dingin river range between 1,95-2,51 is classified as moderate with even distribution (E=0,84) range between 0,81-0,89. Batang Air Dingin water quality using BMWP ASPT from upstream to downstream range between 6,12 – 3,5. Classified unpolluted to heavily polluted.