Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.
A compact membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis (MBR-RO) system was installed in KEREFYT, EYDAP, in order to assess the potential reuse applications of the reclaimed water. The feed of the unit was directly drained from the sewage network. The objective of the study was to examine the effluent's water quality. This was performed through a series of lab measurements as well as from data taken by a series of on-line sensors installed in several points of the unit. This paper discusses the presence of contaminants, biological and chemical, in the MBR's permeate, as well as the RO's effluent, thus determining the system's efficiency. This study has shown that the MBR-RO system can produce a high quality water. The RO effluent's quality in terms of organic content (0,9 mg/L BOD 5 and not detectable TSS), Ammonium (0,25 mg/L), Total Nitrogen (12 mg/L), turbidity (0,32 NTU), E. Coli (not detectable) and Total Coliforms (not detectable) could fully meet the water quality requirements for reclaimed water, as dictated by the Greek legislation. However, it is considered necessary to conduct further tests in order to be totally in line with the Greek legislation. The remaining parameters that have to be measured are heavy metals, microorganic pollutants and priority pollutants.
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