Background: On May 2016, anticipating the rainy season from June to October in Mexico, we expected an increase in cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections. With the goal of identifying cases of GBS associated with ZIKV infection, a prospective joint study was conducted by a reference center for neurological patients and the Secretary of Health in Mexico City from July 2016 to November 2016. Methods: Serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva were tested by RT-PCR for ZIKV, dengue virus, and chikungunya virus in patients referred from states with reported transmissions of ZIKV infection, and with clinical symptoms of GBS according to the Brighton Collaboration criteria. Clinical, electrophysiological, and long-term disability data were collected. Results: In the year 2016 twenty-eight patients with GBS were diagnosed at our institute. In five hospitalized patients with GBS, RT-PCR was positive to ZIKV in any collected specimen. Dengue and chikungunya RT-PCR results were negative. All five patients had areflexic flaccid weakness, and cranial nerves affected in three. Electrophysiological patterns were demyelinating in two patients and axonal in three. Three patients were discharged improved in 10 days or less, and two patients required intensive care unit admission, and completely recovered during follow-up. Conclusion: Our results are similar to those reported from the state of Veracruz, Mexico, in which out of 33 samples of urine of patients with GBS two had a positive RT-PCR for ZIKV. Simultaneous processing of serum, CSF, urine, and saliva by RT-PCR may increase the success of diagnosis of GBS associated to ZIKV.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La disponibilidad y comercialización de la inmunoglobulina G humana ha modificado el curso y pronóstico de diversas enfermedades. Hoy en día representa el tratamiento de primera línea para al menos 10 enfermedades y de segunda línea, empírico o de indicación compasiva en otras alteraciones. La mayor parte de estas enfermedades son excepcionales (afectan a menos de 1 de cada 2000 individuos), por lo que la generación de evidencia robusta derivada de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y controlados no es común. OBJETIVO: desarrollar Elaborar o Emitir un Consenso Mexicano para la prescripción de Inmunoglobulina G Humana como tratamiento de reemplazo e inmunomodulación con un enfoque de medicina basada en evidencias. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se integró un grupo multidisciplinario de especialistas en diversas áreas de la medicina en México, con la finalidad de emitir un análisis crítico y sistematizado de la evidencia clínica disponible para la prescripción de la inmunoglobulina G humana. Se revisaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE, BVS-LILACS, NGS, NICE, CENETEC, Imbiomed, TripDatabase y Medigraphic. Para el análisis de la información se utilizaron algoritmos con términos Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) o Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) específicos para cada enfermedad, con la intención de identificar guías de práctica clínica u otro tipo de guías, revisiones sistemáticas, metanálisis, ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios clínicos, estudios descriptivos u observacionales y análisis de costobeneficio. Para el estudio de la evidencia se organizaron ocho grupos de trabajo, de acuerdo con el campo de conocimiento y la experiencia de los especialistas. Se formularon preguntas clínicas con el constructo PICO, por su acrónimo en inglés: Patients (pacientes o población), Intervention (intervención de interés), Comparison (comparación con otra intervención) y Outcome (desenlace de interés). Después de discutir las evidencias correspondientes y responder las preguntas, se redactó un documento con declaraciones específicas por indicación y calidad de evidencia con el esquema GRADE. Las declaraciones fueron sometidas a evaluación y consenso por todo el grupo de trabajo y se elaboró un documento con el formato actual para validación externa por los principales representantes de las academias y los colegios de las áreas del conocimiento incluidas, para finalmente publicarlo como tratamiento de referencia en la prescripción de la inmunoglobulina G humana en México. CONCLUSIONES: La integración del consenso representa un esfuerzo en aras de proporcionar a los clínicos de instituciones de segundo y tercer nivel de atención en salud de México. Además de proporciona un instrumento validado para la prescripción correcta de inmunoglobulina G humana como tratamiento de reemplazo e inmunomodulación. Este documento debe actualizarse de manera continua, debido al activo campo de investigación clínica en diferentes aplicaciones de la medicina.
Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. Lymphocytes and neutrophils are associated with systemic inflammation and production of proinflammatory mediators. GBS, as an autoimmune disease, elicits an upregulation in inflammatory and metabolic pathways, with increased production of lymphocytes and neutrophils. Serum markers such as the neutrophil-lymphocyte (NLR) and leuko-glycemic (LGR) ratios have been studied for the severity and prognosis of non-neurological disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional study from a prospective cohort of patients with GBS was conducted, from January 2018 to February 2021. Comparison between patients with or without ventilatory support was performed with student´s t test or Mann-Whitney U test based on distribution. Chi-square for was used for categorical variables, Fisher´s exact test was applied when necessary. A logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: One hundred and twenty-three patients were included. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated NLI to be an independent factor for mechanical ventilation in GBS, but not for LGI and OR 2.0, respectively. Both LGI and NLI demonstrated a high performance for ventilatory support prediction, with 0.70 and 0.81, respectively. Best cut-off values, according to Youden index, are for LGI 1.12 (sensitivity 0.70, specificity 0.40) and for NLI 3.59 (sensitivity 0.78, specificity 0.33). Conclusions: Despite the wide use of the EGRIS scale in estimating respiratory insufficiency in patients with GBS, we portray a new and easy to obtain laboratory tool that can further help non-neurologists and other clinicians to predict the risk for ventilatory support.
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