Method inlining is a well-known and effective optimization technique for object-oriented programs. In the context of dynamic compilation, method inlining can be used as an adaptive optimization in order to eliminate the overhead of frequently executed calls. This work presents an implementation of method inlining in the CACAO virtual machine. On-stack replacement is used for installing optimized code and for deoptimizing code when optimistic assumptions of the optimizer are broken by dynamic class loading. Three inlining heuristics are compared using empirical results from a set of benchmark programs. The best heuristic eliminates 51.5% up to 99.96% of all executed calls and improves execution time up to 18%.
Embedded systems have an extremely short time to market and therefore require easily retargetable compilers. Architecture description languages (ADLs) provide a single concise architecture specification for the generation of hardware, instruction set simulators and compilers. In this article, we present an ADL for compiler generation. From a specification, we can derive an optimized tree pattern matching instruction selector, a register allocator and an instruction scheduler. Compared to a hand-crafted back end, the generated compiler produces smaller and faster code.The ADL is rich enough that other tools, such as assemblers, linkers, simulators and documentation, can all be obtained from a single specification.
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