This research reports the result obtained from the synthesis and characterization of Bacterial Nano Cellulose (BNC) from Nangka banana peel (Musa sp L.) media for water filtration membrane application. The BNC synthesis is successfully achieved under the condition of banana peel and water ratio of 1:3, bacterial nutrition : Glucose 10% (w/v), Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2SO4 1% (w/v), pH: 4, and amount of starter: 15% (w/v). The duration of fermentation is 7 days. The water content obtained in BNC banana peel is 86,59%. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis shows the resulting nanocellulose is nanofibril 30-50 nm in diameter. The X ray diffraction (XRD) shows the banana peel BNC crystallinity index (Ic) is 86,94% and cellulose Type I. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectra confirms the bond and functional group of nanocellulose. These results support the required properties for strong but flexible membrane filter. The potential zeta absolute value -11.39 mV from the Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS) shows that BNC colloidal solution has good stability that it can be further used for the manufacture of water filter catalytic membrane composites.
This research reports the optimization of the synthesis of bacterial nano cellulose (BNC) from banana peel waste media of Kepok bananas (Musa paradisiaca L.) using Gluconacetobacter xylinus bacteria in a fermentation process for use in water filter membrane applications. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) synthesis was successfully accomplished under conditions of pH 4, 0.5% urea, and varying sucrose contents (5%, 10% and 15% (w/v)). The higher sucrose content causes the pH of the banana peel extract solution to decrease at the end of Day 8 and 10 due to the metabolic activity of bacteria, which produces acetic acid. A bacterial growth pH range of 3.93-4.26 was obtained. The Optical Density (OD) values tend to increase with respect to fermentation time due to the growth of BNC-forming bacteria. The higher the added sucrose content, the higher the total amount of the acid obtained as the G. Xylinus bacteria produces acetic acid in its metabolic processes. BNC thickness is directly proportional to the increase in sucrose level but does not increase proportionally with the increase in sucrose levels from 5%, 10% (two times), and 15% (three times). The sucrose level at 5% (w/v) produces most optimal results. Optimal incubation time was obtained on Day 6, which had the highest rate of increase in thickness in addition to the supporting pH, OD value and total acid factors. The TEM analysis shows that the BNC surface morphology tends to be the same among all sucrose level (5%, 10% and 15% (w/v)). The difference can only be seen in the density of the nanocellulose. The nanocellulor nanofiber produced from banana peels has diameter sizes between 30-50 nm which potentially be used in water filter membrane application.
Use of Modified Chitosan and Cationic Starch as Wet Strength Agents on Interleave PaperAbstractWet strength resins commonly used in the paper industry to date are formaldehyde-derived resins, epichlorohydrin polyamide resins, and epoxide resins. These conventional resins have weaknesses such as containing monomer groups that are toxic, difficult to degrade and harmful to health and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate to overcome these weaknesses, one of which is the development of biopolymer resins. One type of biopolymer is chitosan modified with maleic anhydride so that it has the characteristics of being non-toxic, biodegradable, anti-bacterial, and odorless. With the addition of cationic starch, modified chitosan will work more effectively to produce good strength properties on interleave paper. This laboratory scale study aims to determine the effect of the addition of modified chitosan and cationic starch on the wet and dry strength properties of paper. The test results showed that the addition of 0.7% modified chitosan and 1% cationic starch gave the highest strength properties. The addition of modified chitosan and cationic starch affects the physical properties of the paper such as wet and dry tensile strength index, tearing strength index, bursting strength index, water absorption, and surface pH.Keywords: maleic anhydride, cationic starch, wet strength, interleave paper, modified chitosanAbstrakResin-resin penguat basah yang umum digunakan di industri kertas hingga saat ini adalah resin turunan formaldehid, resin poliamida epiklorohidrin, dan resin epoksida. Resin-resin konvensional ini memiliki kelemahan diantaranya mengandung gugus monomer yang toksik, sulit terdegradasi, berbahaya bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan. Oleh karenanya perlu dilakukan inovasi untuk mengatasi kelemahan tersebut, salah satunya adalah pengembangan resin biopolimer. Salah satu jenis biopolimer adalah kitosan dimodifikasi dengan anhidrida maleat sehingga memiliki karakteristik tidak beracun, dapat terurai secara hayati, anti bakteri, dan tidak berbau. Dengan penambahan pati kationik, kitosan modifikasi akan bekerja lebih efektif untuk menghasilkan sifat kekuatan yang baik pada kertas interleave. Penelitian skala laboratorium ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan kitosan yang dimodifikasi dan pati kationik terhadap sifat kekuatan basah dan kering kertas. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan 0,7% kitosan yang dimodifikasi dan pati kationik 1% memberikan sifat kekuatan paling tinggi. Penambahan kitosan modifikasi dan pati kationik berpengaruh pada sifat fisik kertas seperti indeks tarik basah dan kering, indeks sobek, indeks retak, daya serap air dan pH pada permukaan.Kata Kunci: anhidrida maleat, pati kationik, kekuatan basah, kertas interleave, kitosan modifikasi
Industri kertas berbahan baku kertas bekas, menghasilkan berbagai produk samping berupa reject dan sludge. Kandungan serat yang tinggi pada reject yang dihasilkan berpotensi menjadi bahan tambahan untuk pembuatan kertas coklat. Reject compactor adalah reject yang berasal dari sistem DAF (Dissolved Air Flotation) dan outlet coarse screen pada proses industri. Kandungan yang terdapat pada reject compactor ini antara lain ada serat, plastik, sterofoam, benang dan bahan lain. Reject compactor dibersihkan dari kotoran dengan melalui pretreatment menggunakan NaOH dan tanpa NaOH, lalu disaring dengan saringan berukuran 1 mm dan 0,3 mm, Tujuan penelitian mengetahui pengaruh penambahan reject compactor sebagai bahan tambahan pada produksi kertas medium, serat reject (R) dicampur dengan mixing slurry (M) dengan komposisi R:M adalah 0:100, 5:95, 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, 100:0 lalu buat lembaran kertas medium dengan gramatur 125 GSM, Kertas dikondisikan dalam ruang standar sebelum diuji mutu lembarannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dosis serat reject compactor yang dapat digunakan adalah 5% dengan pretreatment NaOH yang memiliki properties Ring crush Index=5.90 Nm/g, Concora index= 4.55 Nm/g, Tensile index= 22.81 Nm/g, Bursting index= 1.27 Kpam2/g, Internal bonding= 182.86 J/m2, Ash content= 8.34%, namun hasil ini masih memerlukan tindakan lanjut untuk meningkatkan kualitasnya.
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