___________________________________________________________ general. We intend to add to this literature: our exploratory research should help to better understand cooperation and diverse models within performing arts and the motivations and perceptions of performing arts organisations. It may be possible to suggest ways to improve coop legal design in order to meet the needs of arts organisations. This approach will contribute to the debate about the emergence of new models in cooperatives (Cook & Chaddad, 2004), especially in service and collective interest organisations (Birchall, 2011, Atherton et al, 2011). This chapter will be organised as follows. In the first part, we discuss the research question, present the case methodology. We focus on three key research questions: What forms does cooperation take in performing arts? What are the perceived benefits and/or disadvantages of cooperation in such organisations? Can cooperation help to face the crisis in the sector (does it promote sustainability)? The following parts address these research questions through a comparison of eight case studies, four French, three UK, one Italian. We conclude with a discussion of the new forms of cooperation these organisations demonstrate.
The wine industry includes cooperatives and independent winegrowers. This article investigates cooperative membership's motivations and barriers based on a study conducted in the Chablis area (France). Individualistic goals prevail for winegrowers, but cooperative members also assign importance to shared values and their opinion differs significantly from that of the independent winegrowers. For independent winegrowers, the loss of entrepreneurial freedom represents the more substantial membership barrier. Findings might help managers of winemaking cooperatives identify actions to develop and retain their membership. They also provide insights to winegrowers on the advantages and drawbacks of independent and cooperative entrepreneurship.
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