synopsisThe ability of selected phosphorus-containing compounds and nitrogen-containing compounds to act as flame retardants for cotton cellulose was investigated using flame tests, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The effectiveness of the organophosphorus compounds was found to correlate with the changes which they induced in the pyrolytic degradation of the cellulose as indicated by DTA. Many of the samples containing nitrogen were found to exhibit DTA curves having pronounced exothenns. The presence of nitrogen-containing compounds in conjunction with the organophosphorus systems enhanced their ability to retard flame propagation but did not produce significant changes in t.he pyrolytic endotherm as observed by DTA. More conclusive evidence for a chemically based phosphorus-nitrogen synergism was obtained by the use of TGA. These data can be interpreted in terns of the phosphorusnitrogen synergistic effects and flame retardance mechanisms which have been proposed in the literature.

SynopsisDiffusion coefficients of selected cationic dyes are calculated for one aqueous and sixThe concentrations of dyestuffs sorbed by the fibers as Results indicate that dye sorption decreases and the diffusion coefficient increases asThe results were determined by comparorganic solvent dye systems. functions of dyeing times are plotted for the various dyeing systems.the concentration of the cosolvent increases. ing the Crank and Olofsson equations for diffusion.

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Polyvinyl alcohol applied to cotton/polyester fabrics was dried, then heat-set using temperatures ranging from 95 to 165°C. The samples were washed in water baths ranging in temperature from 45 to 85°C. Measurements of the amount of size removed during washing showed that the heat-setting temperature altered the ease of removal. Insight into the film structure of PVA which has been heat-set was gained using differential thermal analysis.