To improve operational performance and service delivery efficiency, many water and wastewater utilities have been conducting benchmarking analysis and cost reviews on the operations of their treatment works and other assets. Operational performance measures have been developed and improvement initiatives identified and implemented for operation and maintenance (O&M) functions and specific tasks. As a result, the operational performance of many plants has been improved and substantial direct O&M cost savings have been achieved over the past several years. While most of the attention has been focused on the direct cost of O&M services, some utilities have started to take a closer look at the other expenses of operating and maintaining their infrastructure; e.g., the costs associated with support functions such as accounting, procurement, human resources, general services, and management.
High-protein diets are popular for weight management because of their ability to enhance satiety but not all protein sources are similarly anorexigenic. We recently reported that egg white protein is more satiating than wheat gluten in Sprague Dawley rats. The goal of this study was to identify physiological correlates of the satiety differences and to test long-term consequences on metabolism, body composition and body weight. At both 20% and 35% levels, egg white increased total plasma amino acids relative to wheat gluten. Insulin levels were unaffected but respiratory exchange ratio was reduced for several hours following 35% egg white relative to the other diets. No chronic effects on body weight, body composition, energy intake, or energy expenditure were observed. Results suggest that increased satietysignaling amino acids may underlie greater short-term satiety from egg white, but when consumed only once per day, produces no long term consequences for body composition.
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