The formation of copper(II) complexes with L- and DL-histidine (HisH) has been studied by means of pH-potentiometry and spectrophotometry over a wide range of pH (2-14), ligand-to-metal ratio (1 : 1-15 : 1), and temperature (15-55 °C) in aqueous solutions with 1.0 mol dm(-3) KNO(3) as background. Formation constants and spectral characteristics of 13 complex types were found. Fine stereoselective effects have been detected with preferential coordination of two ligands with identical configuration in Cu(His)(HisH)(+) and opposite configuration in Cu(His)(2). The stereoselective effect for Cu(His)(HisH)(+) is explained by hydrogen bond formation between the carboxyl and imidazolyl groups of neighboring ligands at cis-arrangement of amino groups (3N(eq)-form). The opposite sign of stereoselective effect for Cu(His)(2) is derived from favourable axial coordination of the imidazole group in meso-form with cis-structure (3N(eq)N(ax)-form). A significant tetrahedral distortion was revealed for the first time in the prevalent cis-isomer of the Cu(L-His)(2) 4N(eq)-form. These findings were confirmed by EPR data and DFT computations at the B3LYP/TZVP level. The prevalence of cis-isomers for these complexes has been assigned to the rather strong trans effect of the amino groups. The structures of other detected complexes are briefly discussed on the basis of spectroscopic data. Chemical exchange reactions in the copper(II)-L/DL-hishidine systems have been investigated by the NMR relaxation of water protons. A unique proton exchange reaction with short-term proton dissociation from the coordinated imidazolyl group catalyzed by hydroxide ion was characterised for the first time. The discovered enantioselective effects in the ligand exchange reactions between Cu(His)(2) and HisH or His(-) species were attributed to the associative substitution mechanism.
EPR, NMR relaxation methods, and DFT calculations were jointly used to investigate the structural and dynamical characteristics of solvation shells of copper(II) complexes with iminodiacetic acid, glycylglycine, and glycyglycylglycine in comparison with the copper(II) bis-glycinate studied previously. A strong trans influence of deprotonated peptide nitrogen was revealed in EPR spectra parameters of copper(II) complexes with oligopeptides. With models of the experimental NMRD data and literature X-ray structural information, it was suggested that only one water molecule coordinates in axial position of copper(II) complexes with glycine and di- and triglycine (Cu(Gly)2, Cu(GGH(-1)), and Cu(GGGH(-2))(-)), and the copper ion in these complexes is pentacoordinated, while in the iminodiacetate complex, Cu(IDA), both apical positions can be occupied by solute molecules. The obtained structural results were confirmed by DFT calculations of structures of studied compounds using different functionals and basis sets. It was shown that the donor ability of equatorial ligands and trans influence have an effect on the characteristics of the axial water bond. With increasing donor strength of equatorial ligands, pentacoordination of copper(II) complexes in water solutions becomes more preferable.
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