This paper reviews the literature, concepts, and operationalizations of the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Despite some interest at the national level, entrepreneurship is understood to take place in localities or, at most, regions, drawing on local resources, institutions, and networks. Bibliometric evidence shows that usage of the term entrepreneurial ecosystem has overtaken other concepts, such as environments for entrepreneurship, which also highlight the mechanisms, institutions, networks, and cultures that support entrepreneurs. This review addresses several specific topics: the choice of scale, universities as ecosystem hubs, and how such ecosystems evolve. This is followed by suggestions toward an agenda for future research, placing particular attention on methodologies.

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Malecki E. J. (2004) Jockeying for position: what it means and why it matters to regional development policy when places compete, Regional Studies38, 1093-1112. The realization that places compete for investment has expanded in recent years to encompass competition among places for the attention of migrants, tourists and media glow as well as investment. The most competitive places have been multidimensional in their attractions and have made the transition to the knowledge-based economy. The latest priority is being placed on attracting mobile workers and mobile investment. Creative workers are the core of the knowledge economy and of its geographies such as 'intelligent places' and 'learning regions'. Knowledge metrics, innovation indices and report cards are increasingly common, each seemingly developed to sort the list of places in a different order. Lists or league tables of 'the best places' for business, to live, retire and visit are key features of economies and societies whose factors of success are highly mobile. Competition in a geographical context and entrepreneurial responses are unlikely to go away, reinforced by an industry comprised of consultancies, the trade press, formal education and other means of learning. Consequently, policy-makers need to grasp the nature of place competition and the critical roles of knowledge and of networks in the strategies of the most competitive places. The standard of competition is complex, comprising innovation indices and cooperation within the network of world cities.Malecki E. J. (2004) Lutter pour la premiere place: l'importance de la concurrence interville pour la politique d'amenagement du territoire, Regional Studies38, 1093-1112. Dans les annees recentes, se rendre compte que les villes se font concurrence pour l'investissement s'est elargi pour englober la concurrence interville qui cherche a seduire les migrants, les touristes et les medias ainsi que l'investissement. L'attrait des villes les plus competitives a ete multidimensionnel, et elles se sont transformees en economies basees sur la connaissance. La derniere priorite c'est attirer les travailleurs mobiles ainsi que l'investissement mobile. Les travailleurs creatifs sont au coeur d'une economie basee sur la connaissance et de ses localisations, telles les 'villes intelligentes' et les 'regions d'apprentissage'. Il semble que la mesure de la connaissance, les indices de l'innovation, et les tableaux de bord sont employes de plus en plus afin de classer les villes. Un classement des 'meilleures villes' pour le commerce, la retraite, le tourisme constitue une caracteristique cle des economies et des societes dont les facteurs moteurs sont tres mobiles. Il est peu probable que la concurrence sur le plan geographique et la reponse de la part des entrepreneurs s'attenuent, ce qui est renforce par une industrie comportant des cabinets, une presse specialisee, l'education et d'autres moyens d'apprendre. Par la suite, les decideurs devraitent saisir la notion de concurrence interville et les roles decisi...

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