ObjectiveThis survey study is designed to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress among specific subpopulations of college students.Design, settings and participantsAn online questionnaire was sent to the students from University of Nevada, Las Vegas, between October 2020 and December to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19. A total of 2091 respondents signed the consent form online and their responses were collected.Main outcome measuresMeasures of psychological stress, as prescribed by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). An explanatory factor analysis was carried out on the PSS-10 results. We subsequently analysed each factor using stepwise linear regression that focused on various sociodemographic groups.ResultsA two-factor model was obtained using the explanatory factor analysis. After comparing with the past studies that investigated the factor structure of the PSS-10 scale, we identified these two factors as ‘anxiety’ and ‘irritability’. The subsequent stepwise linear regression analysis suggested that gender and age (p<0.01) are significantly associated with both factors. However, the ethnicities of students are not significantly associated with both factors.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study that assessed the perceived stress of university students in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through exploratory factor analysis, we showed that the PSS-10 scale could be summarised as a two-factor structure. A stepwise regression approach was used, and we found both of the factors are significantly associated with the gender of the participants. However, we found no significant association between both factors and ethnicity. Our findings will help identify students with a higher risk for stress and mental health issues in pandemics and future crises.
Background Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have demonstrated efficacy in treating solid tumors with Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD), the inability to repair DNA double-stranded breaks through the Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) pathway. Specific genetic and epigenetic alterations result in defective HRR function. Bi-allelic loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 principally drives HRR deficiency. While BRCA1/2 are instrumental to HRR, multiple genes, including PALB2, impact the HRR pathway. PALB2 mutations occur in an estimated 0.97% to 3.66% of solid tumors [AACR GENIE PALB2] and are associated with susceptibility to various cancers. No clinically approved therapies specifically targeting PALB2 currently exist. Emerging evidence suggests that patients with germline or somatic PALB2 mutations may benefit from PARPi treatment, which has potential to be a new tumor agnostic therapy option across a wide range of solid tumors. Methods PAVO is a pan-tumor, single-arm, multicenter Phase-II study assessing the safety and efficacy of niraparib (a PARPi) in patients who harbor a confirmed PALB2 mutation. The study plans to enroll up to 110 adult subjects. Eligible participants must have: locally advanced or metastatic solid tumor(s); confirmed pathogenic or likely pathogenic somatic or germline PALB2 mutation; received all standard of care (SOC) therapy for their tumor type, or are unlikely to derive benefit from SOC therapy in the opinion of the treating physician; ECOG performance status of 0 or 1; life expectancy of ≥ 12 weeks with adequate organ/bone marrow function. Exclusion criteria include a confirmed somatic or germline BRCA1/2 mutation, prior treatment with any PARPi, ovarian or prostate cancer, or rapid progression while on platinum-based therapy in the metastatic setting. Niraparib will be administered in 28 day cycles with daily dosing, as outlined in the protocol. Participants will continue study treatment until documented radiographic progression, unacceptable toxicity, death, or consent withdrawal. The primary study endpoint is objective response rate (ORR), defined as the proportion of participants who have partial or complete response to therapy as assessed by Independent Central Review. Secondary endpoints include DOR, PFS, and CBR. PAVO is sponsored by Tempus with support from GSK (GlaxoSmithKline). The trial opened in March 2022. Tempus molecular data tracking (integrated NGS and EMR data) and the TIME Trial program (rapid match of patients to Just in TIME sites for clinical trials), enable patient identification and prescreening. Enrollment occurs through a combination of TIME and prospective clinical sites, where individualized prescreening models are in development. New site identification and referral of molecularly eligible patients to enrolling centers are ongoing. Clinical Trial Registry: NCT05169437 Citation Format: Tian Zhang, Thomas Weart, Matthias Weiss, Drew Murray, Minaxi Jhawer, Edward Huynh, Shumei Kato, Amy Cummings, Lydia Usha, Arvinder Bhinder, Rajiv Desai, Brad Johnson, Anjali Avadhani, Cecile Rose T. Vibat, Lauren Lopez, Brynna Driscoll, Annajane Ward, Christie K. Rice, Blathnaid Donovan, Scott Sherrin, Mykel Robble, Stephanie O'Leary, Kimberly Blackwell, Amine Aziez, Stephanie Petrone, Kathleen Harnden, Kimberly Strickland, Sonya Reid, Mark Robson, Andrew S. Paulson, Afshin Dowlati. PAVO: A phase-II, open label, single arm study of niraparib in patients with locally advanced/metastatic PALB2 mutated tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr CT055.
The classical D'Alembert's Ratio Test is a powerful test that we learn from calculus to determine convergence for a series of positive terms. Its range of applicability and ease of computation makes this test extremely appealing. However, it admits an inconclusive case when the limiting ratio of the terms equals 1. Several series tests like Raabe's and Gauss' Tests have been proposed in order to address this case. These tests were also generalized by Kummer through Kummer's Test. More recently, a Second Ratio Test was constructed that similarly possessed an inconclusive case. This article will present a survey of existing series tests. Secondly, it will introduce an extension of Raabe's Test to the Second Ratio Test. Thirdly, other extensions of classical tests such as Gauss' Test and Kummer's Test are proposed. Finally, it will also present proofs for the aforementioned tests and a brief application of the Second Raabe's Test.
ObjectiveThis survey study is designed to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress among specific sub-populations of college students.Design, Settings and ParticipantsAn online questionnaire was sent to the students from University of Nevada, Las Vegas between 2020 October and December to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19. A total of 2,091 respondents signed the consent form online and their responses were collected.MethodsThe Perceived Stress levels of college students were analyzed via exploratory factor analysis of a survey of college students, which was collected at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). An explanatory factor analysis was carried out on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) results. We subsequently analyzed each factor using stepwise linear regression that focused on various socio-demographic groups.ResultsA two-factor model was obtained using the explanatory factor analysis. After comparing with the past studies that investigated the factor structure of the PSS-10 scale, we identified these two factors as “Anxiety” and “Irritability”. The subsequent stepwise linear regression analysis suggested that gender and age (P< 0.01) are significantly associated with both factors. However, the ethnicities of students are not significantly associated with both factors.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study that assessed the perceived stress of university students in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic. We showed that the PSS-10 scale could be summarized as a two-factor structure through an exploratory factor analysis. A stepwise regression approach was used and we found both of the factors are significantly associated with the gender of the participants. However, we found no significant association between both factors and ethnicity. In summary, our findings will help identify students with higher risk for stress and mental health issues in pandemics and future crises.Strengths and limitations of this study➣To our knowledge, this is the first study that assessed the perceived stress of university students with PSS-10 scale in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic.➣Ethnicities of the participants are not significantly associated with the perceived stress. This finding is different compared to most of the previous studies.➣Only quantitative questions were used in this survey study. To gain a better understanding for the psychological impact of COVID-19 on students, qualitative questions need to be included in the future survey studies.➣The fact that only the participants who completed the PSS-10 scale were included in the quantitative analysis in this study leads to potential selection bias.➣The proportions of African American students and Pacific Islander students are low within the survey sample compared to the demographics of UNLV. This leads to potential volunteer bias.
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