After World War II many western nations experienced popular dissatisfaction with their wartime military justice. 1 The need for reexami. nation was most critical in Germany whose World War II court-martial system reflected both Prussian severity and Nazi arbitrariness.-" However, military justice in other western nations was also heavily disciplinarian; and as a result of war-generated criticism, Western Germany, Sweden, Austria, and Denmark abolished their court-martial systems. a Other western nations, such as Great Britain, retained the court-martial, but adopted more judicial procedures and expanded civilian control over certain of its functions. 4 However, American reforms were more limited. The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ),5 enacted in 1950, extended a number of new procedural rights to servicemen, but retained the traditional structure of the court-martial. The tri-tiered hierarchy of commander-convened courts was left unchanged; 0 and,
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