This study tested the hypothesis that infants with iron-deficiency anemia show behaviors, such as increased proximity to caregivers, increased wariness or hesitance, and decreased activity, that could contribute to "functional isolation." The behavior of 52 Costa Rican 12- to 23-month-old infants with iron-deficiency anemia was contrasted with that of 139 comparison group infants with better iron status during free play and mental and motor testing and in the home. Infants with iron-deficiency anemia maintained closer contact with caregivers; showed less pleasure and delight; were more wary, hesitant, and easily tired; made fewer attempts at test items; were less attentive to instructions and demonstrations; and were less playful. Adult behavior also differed. The results indicate that iron-deficiency anemia in infancy is associated with alterations in affect and activity, suggesting that functional isolation is a useful framework for understanding poorer developmental outcome in iron-deficiency anemia, the world's most common single nutrient deficiency.
This study tested the hypothesis that infants with iron-deficiency anemia show behaviors, such as increased proximity to caregivers, increased wariness or hesitance, and decreased activity, that could contribute to "functional isolation." The behavior of 52 Costa Rican 12- to 23-month-old infants with iron-deficiency anemia was contrasted with that of 139 comparison group infants with better iron status during free play and mental and motor testing and in the home. Infants with iron-deficiency anemia maintained closer contact with caregivers; showed less pleasure and delight; were more wary, hesitant, and easily tired; made fewer attempts at test items; were less attentive to instructions and demonstrations; and were less playful. Adult behavior also differed. The results indicate that iron-deficiency anemia in infancy is associated with alterations in affect and activity, suggesting that functional isolation is a useful framework for understanding poorer developmental outcome in iron-deficiency anemia, the world's most common single nutrient deficiency.
Semigelatinous interfacial films, which may influence
the fluid mechanic and mass transfer properties of
coal tar in porous media, have been observed to
form in coal tar−water systems when coal tars are
aged in water under quiescent conditions for a few
days. Samples of the interfacial film were isolated
after
aging for a period of 1 year and compared to the
bulk coal tar using GC/MS, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and
FTIR
techniques. The results showed that these films
were very similar in organic composition to the bulk
coal tar with no significant enrichment, depletion,
or polymerization of tar components. The notable difference in the composition of the film material was
the presence of water bound to coal tar constituents
by weak, reversible bonds. FTIR analysis of a sample
of coal tar film kept in contact with deuterated water
showed that the water molecules bound to the coal
tar constituents would slowly interchange with
water molecules that were not bound. Similar bonding
of water molecules and coal tar constituents was
observed in coal tar−water emulsions. These results
suggest that the semigelatinous film formed at the
coal tar−water interface is similar to a thin emulsion
layer.
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