A sample of 253 children of alcoholics (COAs) and 237 children of nonalcoholics (non-COAs) were compared on alcohol and drug use, psychopathology, cognitive ability, and personality. COAs reported more alcohol and drug problems, stronger alcohol expectancies, higher levels of behavioral undercontrol and neuroticism, and more psychiatric distress in relation to non-COAs. They also evidenced lower academic achievement and less verbal ability than non-COAs. COAs were given Diagnostic Interview Schedule alcohol diagnoses more frequently than non-COAs. The relation between paternal alcoholism and offspring alcohol involvement was mediated by behavioral undercontrol and alcohol expectancies. Although gender differences were found, there were few Gender X Family History interactions; the effects of family history of alcoholism were similar for men and women. When gender effects were found, they showed greater family history effects for women.

Using data from national surveys done prior to the past eight U.S. presidential elections by the Survey Research Center/Center for Political Studies of the University of Michigan, the relation between preference and expectation was analyzed. In each year, people tended to expect their preferred candidate to win by a ratio of about 4:1. This relationship was diminished, though it was still significant, in the years in which the outcome was relatively unambiguous. The relationship was strongest among people who were highly involved but poorly informed. Derivations from balance theory received considerable support. Analyses of two sets of panel data indicated that preferences are more stable than are expectations, and people are more likely to alter or bend their expectations to coincide with their preferences than vice versa. The discussion focused on the generality of the observed relationship, alternative explanations of the phenomenon, and the relation of the present study to the priority and dominance of affect and cognition.Previous research has dealt with social psychological consequences of a failure in prophecy (Festinger, Riecken, & Schachter, 1956;Hardyck & Braden, 1962). Our focus is on a prior step in the process, namely, the formation of a prophecy and how this prophecy is related to a person's preference. Relying on election survey data, we observe and examine the relationship between people's preferences

s 1968 Election Study were analyzed to see whether social judgment theory and balance theory could help to account for variations in the estimates of policy positions taken by candidates in an election. Individuals tended to assimilate the position of their preferred candidate toward their own position on the Vietnam issue, but perception of the nonpreferred candidate was unrelated to their own position. This Own Position X Candidate Preference interaction held up when individuals who gave a high rating to their nonpreferred candidate or a low rating to their preferred candidate were excluded and when education was controlled. Assimilation of an individual's preferred candidate was directly associated with involvement in the issue. The only evidence of a contrast effect occurred among the highly involved Humphrey voters placing Wallace.This article begins with the known fact that judgment of the policy position taken by a political candidate is not a constant. To date, there has not been a thorough attempt to organize data on this topic by application of relevant social psychological theories. In this article placements of the presidential candidates in the 1968 election campaign on the dove-hawk dimension are analyzed from the perspective of social judgment theory (Sherif & Hovland, 1961) and balance theory (Heider, 1946).

0Scholars agree that a preoccupation of police is the maintenance of their authority during encounters with civilians. n e r e is little knowledge of how they seek to do this. Using a subset of process data from a large. quantitative, observationalfield study of police. the authors analyze it from the perspective of general systems theory. They find that authority is maintained in most cases by much moresubtle means than past studies have idenifid.