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O emprego de simulação para o aprendizado das técnicas motoras para a prática cirúrgica é crescente nos programas de graduação, residência e pós-graduação. O desenvolvimento do conhecimento dos processos educacionais e das plataformas pedagógicas fez evoluir a formação educacional médica, com redução do emprego de animais de experimentação e maior utilização de modelos não biológicos e eletrônicos, presentes nos laboratórios de simulação. Além disto, os laboratórios de simulação permitem que novas tecnologias e conceitos educacionais sejam utilizados para ampliação do ensino de cirurgia, incluindo avaliação de conhecimento teórico, processos de tomada de decisão e avaliação de riscos, comunicação em equipe, trabalho em equipe, análise de custos e gestão. Neste contexto, a simulação favorece o ensino baseado em competências. Os modelos de simulação envolvem utilização desde modelos simples de material sintético, como plástico e borracha, até manequins de alta fidelidade com controle informatizado, caracterização de ambientes de sala cirúrgica, ambulatório, enfermaria, além da participação de atores como pacientes, familiares e outros membros da equipe médica. Os objetivos educacionais de diferentes currículos e instituições definirá o grau de sofisticação necessário. O uso de animais permanece como alternativa de treinamento, porém com crescente respeito a normas éticas para sua utilização, respeitando o emprego para situações cada vez mais específicas em que a complexidade é elevada.

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Müllerian adenosarcoma with sarcomatous overgrowth presented by a 52-year-old female patient after adjuvant tamoxifen treatment for breast carcinoma is described. The diagnosis was made on histological basis after curettage and complementary total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The immunohistochemical study showed high expression of estrogen receptors in the epithelial component of the lesion and irregularly positive findings in the stroma. The proliferative activity evaluated by Ki-67 immunoexpression was higher in the stroma than the epithelium. Some of the stromal cells showed rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. The association of tamoxifen use and development of mesenchymal neoplasms is discussed.

Brazil is the biggest country in South America, with more than 207 million of inhabitants. From them, 15% of the population is in primary and high schools. The worldwide KIDS SAVE LIVES campaign 1-3 was first implemented in Brazil as KIDS SAVE LIVES BRAZIL by a group of associate professors, researchers and graduate students from multidisciplinary areas of University of São Paulo. KIDS SAVE LIVES BRAZIL program sought to train school community as all citizens can save a life 4 to know, to identify and to

Objectives: This study aimed to verify whether human papillomavirus (HPV) testing after conization treatment has some potential usefulness for predicting patients’ outcome. Study Design: One hundred and twenty women were treated for HSIL by conization with large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). Cytology, colposcopy-guided biopsy, and hybrid capture 2 (HC2) HPV DNA tests were performed before the surgical procedure and every 6 months for 2 years at follow-up. Results: More than 90% of the patients tested positive for high-risk HPV prior to the surgical intervention. Six months after the cervical conization, 74.75% of the patients tested negative for high-risk HPV DNA, and 19.41% were positive. Of the women who were HC2 negative, 72 showed normal cytological smears, 3 ASC-US, 2 LSIL, and 1 HSIL. Of those who were HC2 positive, 8 showed normal smears, 2 ASC-US, 2 ASC-H, 5 LSIL, and 1 case had HSIL, AGC, and squamous cells invasive carcinoma. Clinically, the HSIL case with a negative HPV test did not show any sign of high-grade lesions, and the clinical follow-up did not show residual lesions. Conclusions: Negative HPV tests correlated with freedom from high-grade disease after 2 years of postconization follow-up, which strongly suggests that negative HPV tests predict the absence of cervical disease.

BackgroundOvarian autotransplantation has shown increasing promise as a clinical method for the preservation of fertility and hormonal function. However, information regarding the success rate of this type of transplantation is limited. We hypothesized that results vary according to the site of the ovarian transplantation. To test this hypothesis, fresh or cryopreserved ovarian strips were autotransplanted to orthotopic or heterotopic sites. The strips were later collected, and the morphology and expression of selected markers of apoptosis were evaluated. We compared the Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 staining levels and the morphometric aspects of autotransplanted fresh and cryopreserved ovarian strips placed at orthotopic and heterotopic sites in minipigs.MethodsForty female minipigs were allocated to the following five groups: group 1 (control), ovarian tissue removed during oophorectomy; group 2, transplantation of fresh ovarian strips to a heterotopic site; group 3, transplantation of fresh ovarian strips to an orthotopic site; group 4, transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian strips to a heterotopic site; and group 5, transplantation of ovarian trips to an orthotopic site. On day 7 after transplantation, ovarian strips were collected, and the morphology and expression of apoptosis markers were evaluated.ResultsIn all groups, follicles across all stages of development were detected. The numbers of primordial, primary and secondary follicles were similar in all groups, but the numbers of antral follicles were lower in the cryopreserved groups in comparison with freshly derived ovarian tissue, with no significant differences observed between fresh and cryopreserved transplants. In all transplanted groups, Bcl-2 expression was lower and Bax expression was higher than in the control group. Furthermore, increased expression of apoptosis markers was detected in fresh intraperitoneal transplants. Lastly, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was higher in the cryopreserved orthotopic group compared with the heterotopic group.ConclusionsOrthotopic and heterotopic ovarian strip transplantations are feasible options using these techniques. Importantly, we found that heterotopic transplantation preserves ovarian follicle integrity to a greater degree (i.e., lower expression of apoptosis markers) than orthotopic transplantation, and cryopreservation does not exacerbate expression of apoptosis’s markers. These findings have major clinical applications and enhance the discussion regarding the heterotopic transplantation of ovarian tissue.

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