This paper aims to conduct a study of the problems associated with the wear of the needles and fuel injection nozzles utilized in diesel engines. The wear found on the needles is mainly associated to impurities in the fuel oil and microcavitation occurred due to high pressure in the phase of the air compression for combustion of the combustible fluid. These pressures associated with the temperature and the fluid velocity results in the occurrence of vaporization, which releases shock waves that cause damage to the affected surface. The impurities solid particles from the fuel oil cause problems inside the nozzles as obstruction of the holes and wear on the needle tip and nozzle seat surface. These failures affect in the atomization of the fuel, since the deterioration of the internal passages of the nozzles interferes in the spray formation and in the end passage of the fluid. For the execution of this study it will be used digital microscopic analysis in specimens that suffered damage, in order to investigate the effects of fuel property, and the temperature conditions and pressure in the formation of the wear on the needles and injector nozzle.
The work presented here brings in essence the concepts of structure, functionality and maintenance of stationary combustion diesel engines. The alternative to make a compilation between regulations and functional applications of such engines is an important tool for mechanics professionals, since it allows to discuss with academic community the principle of operation engines generating energy and to question factors pros and cons to use such systems: either by environmental, social, economic and other impacts. The applied methodology is in the component's description and their functionalities, besides to dialog with the most varied maintenance forms, making generating sources comparison. As the forms of operation are previously technical and instrumental, the objective of this research is to demonstrate a more realistic view from component parts of an engine and its functionalities, seen through mechanic eyes to socialize knowledge, which can be useful to understand the engine main forms utilization seeking for efficiency and balance. The perspective to reach the goal on this research is to integrate theorical knowledge taught in mechanic courses with applied practices in loco at most varied activities forms, whether in small, medium or large. Related to power generation from thermal sources is an option, nowadays very questioned due to environment pollution patterns, thus making it an opportunity to study better all the biases that move these currently study.
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