The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Natural Disasters and Growth -Going beyond the Averages *

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for their valuable comments and suggestions and Sarah Michelson for excellent editorial support. The paper has also benefited from comments by members of Working Party No. 1 of the OECD Economic Policy Committee. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This paper presents long-term trade scenarios for the world economy up to 2060 based on a modelling approach that combines aggregate growth projections for the world with a detailed computable general equilibrium sectoral trade model. The analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions reflecting faster growth in non-OECD countries. The relative importance of different regions in specific export markets is set to change markedly over the next half century with emerging economies gaining export shares in manufacturing and services. Trade liberalisation, including gradual removal of tariffs, regulatory barriers in services and agricultural support, as well as a reduction in transaction costs on goods, could increase global trade and GDP over the next 50 years. Specific scenarios of regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries or partial multilateral liberalisation could, respectively, raise trade by 4% and 15% and GDP by 0.6% and 2.8% by 2060 relative to the status quo. Finally, the model highlights that investment in education has an influence on trade and high-skill specialisation patterns over the coming decades. Slower educational upgrading in key emerging economies than expected in the baseline scenario could reduce world exports by 2% by 2060. Lower up-skilling in emerging economies would also slow down the restructuring towards higher value-added activities in these emerging economies.

Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 04-Jul-2014 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English -Or. English ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF TRADE AND SPECIALISATION ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT WORKING PAPERS No. 1136 By Åsa Johansson and Eduardo Olaberria OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s).

This paper studies the association between United States (US) long-term interest rates and cycles of capital flows to emerging market economies (EMEs). It finds that cycles in capital flows to EMEs are linked to global conditions, including interest rates in the US. In particular, higher US long-term interest rates are associated with lower levels of gross capital flows to EMEs, and to a higher probability of observing sharp reversals in those flows. Episodes of sharp reversals of net capital flows, on the other hand, are mostly associated with domestic macroeconomic conditions and not necessarily with global factors such as US interest rates.