In recent times, real-time simulation has been used to validate the testing and design of protection, control, and communications systems prior to their commissioning in the field, which has improved the reliability and security of the commissioning processes for electrical systems. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art and future trends in protection, control, and communications testing of electrical grids using real-time simulation. In addition, a summary is presented in which all the works and technologies mentioned are listed with the purpose of identifying new challenges in the proposed topic. Finally, future trends related to the use of real-time simulation for evaluating protection, control, and communications schemes are presented. Real-time simulation is very useful due to the increasing complexity of modern electrical power systems, therefore, it is necessary to use this kind of tool to facilitate field testing, avoid unnecessary work, and reduce costs for clients.
The proposal of a methodology for the analysis of the technical feasibility in the installation of Microgrids (MG's) is realized, which shows in several steps the necessary parameters to analyze and determine the viability of a Microgrid (MG) project in a determined area, with a specific demand and objectives. The methodology is based on a critical review of the different cases of MG's implemented around the world and different techno-economic feasibility study of MG systems.
This article assesses the impact on the Power Quality produced by the interconnection of a microgrid to a transmission system, real-time simulation have been used to carry out the study, applying national and international power quality standards, IEEE 1547 of 2018, IEEE 519 of 2014 and NTC 5001 of 2008. The phenomena of voltage harmonics, current harmonics, flicker and DC injection were evaluated on a microgrid case study. The results show that the interconnection of the microgrid produces a high impact on the current harmonics and the DC injection of the local transmission system, while the flicker phenomena and voltage harmonics have a smaller impact.
Electrical networks are evolving and taking on more challenges as the inclusion of renewable energy and distributed generation units increase, specially at distribution levels. Big trends of generating electricity with alternative and renewable resources has promoted the formation of distribution networks subsystems or micro grids, capable of supplying their own electric demand and to export energy to the interconnected system, if necessary. However, the effects of these generation units into the network and into the microgrid as well are many, as harmonic distortion, voltage flickers and especially in electrical protections.This paper provides an overview about implementation of renewable energy and distributed generation worldwide, as well as an introduction to microgrids concept and its main impacts and challenges into the electric systems. Finally, the main impacts of microgrid on protection equipments are presented at a distribution level, being adaptive protections one of the solutions to the dynamic changes of the electric system.
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