Breast cancer recurrence and contralateral breast cancer lead to substantial increases in costs, amounting to approximately $11,000-19,000 over 10 years depending on type. The impact of these events on survival also varies considerably by type.
Switching postmenopausal early-stage breast cancer patients to exemestane after 2 to 3 years of tamoxifen appears to be a cost-effective treatment strategy versus completing a 5-year course of tamoxifen.
Do the April 1 snow course measurements underestimate the snow accumulation peak in the Sierra Nevada, thus possibly introducing biases in studies of trends and interannual variability that use the April 1 data? Although their period of record is many decades shorter, measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) from automated snow pillows provide daily records throughout each year, enabling us to examine the timing and magnitude of the maximum SWE accumulation. Using generalized additive mixed models, on average, we find that the peak occurs earlier than April 1 at the lowest elevations and later than April 1 at the highest elevations and that the degree to which April 1 SWE under‐measures maximum SWE is greatest at the lowest and highest elevations. In addition, our results show that the biases are associated with cold and warm phase interactions of certain climate indices.
Penalized regression splines are a commonly used method to estimate complex non-linear relationships between two variables. The fit of a penalized regression spline to the data depends on the number of knots, knot placement, and the value of the smoothing parameter. In this paper, we use a simulation study to compare knot selection methods with equidistant knots in a penalized regression spline model. We found that one method generally performed better than others. The results provide guidance in selecting the number of equidistant knots in a penalized regression spline model.
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