WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in several biological processes, especially in defense against different biotic and abiotic stresses. An extensive in silico characterization of the CitsWRKY gene family was performed. In this study, 77 WRKY genes from the Citrus sinensis genome were identified. Based on sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, these 77 proteins were classified into three main groups, with most WRKY proteins placed in group I (36 CitsWRKY), group II (35 CitsWRKY), and group III (6 CitsWRKY). Analysis of conserved motifs showed that most identified CitsWRKY proteins carry a conserved WRKY domain. Structural analysis of the genes showed that the number of introns in CitsWRKY genes varied from zero to five. CitsWRKY genes were found to be randomly distributed on all nine chromosomes. The expansion of this gene family may have resulted from 14 tandem and five segmental duplication events. Evaluation of synteny events suggested that some WRKY genes emerged before the divergence of C. sinensis and Arabidopsis. Expression analysis demonstrated that these genes frequently occur in developing tissues such as fruit, flowers, ovaries, meristem, and phloem (65%, 66%, and 85% in groups I, II , and III, respectively), and are stimulated by biotic or abiotic stresses (15%, 16%, and 10% in groups I, II, and III, respectively). The characterization and analysis of these genes will aid in the selection of candidate genes for future functional analyses of the WRKY family in citrus, which will expand our understanding of genetic determinants of stress tolerance.
Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response tomechanical forces produced by osmotic pressure, sound, touch and gravity. In plants, MS have an important role in different biological processes like gravity detection, maintenance of plastid shape and size, lateral root emergence, growth of pollen tube, and plant-pathogen interactions. In this study, homologous mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS)-like gene family in common bean was identified. Nine Phaseolus vulgaris MscS-like (PvMSL) genes were found to be distributed on five chromosomes. A complete overview of PvMSL genes in common bean is presented, including gene structures, chromosome locations, phylogeny, protein motifs and expression pattern. Subcellular localization predictions of PvMSL family revealed their location to plasma and chloroplast membrane. Phylogenetic analysis of nine PvMSL proteins resulted in two main classes. The predicted gene structure, conserved motif, domain and presence of transmembrane regions in each PvMSL strongly supported their identity as members of MscS-like gene family. Four duplicate events of PvMSL genes were discovered in P. vulgaris chromosomes, and tandem and segmental duplication may cause the expansion of PvMSL genes. Furthermore, PvMSL genes displayed differential expression patterns in tissues and organs. This is the first step towards genome-wide analyses of MSL genes in common bean. Thus, the data obtained in this study provide resources to select candidate genes for future functional analyses that will help understand plant growth, development, and function of MSL gene family in P. vulgaris.
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