This essay seeks to combine Frèdéric Gros’ concept of subordination, presented in Disobey: The philosophy of Resistance, with the theory of women’s subordination proposed by feminist philosophers aligned with the Speech Acts Theory framework. It purports to show that the paternalism identified by Gros as a trademark of subordinative arrangements is present as such in sexist societies, playing a justificatory role in what concerns the morality of the subordination of women to men. I discuss uses of sexist derogatory words to show that such words reflect a patriarchal worldview, evoking paternalistic stereotypes. Additionally, I argue that counter-speech and slur appropriation can work as efficacious forms of resistance and disobedience to the patriarchy.
Bozickovic's The Indexical Point of View is a richly informative and solid philosophical work about the problem of cognitive significance involving indexical thoughts and expressions. Although I tend to agree with most of what is said in the book, here I will make some comments on two minor correlated points regarding Bozickovic's Fregean account of indirect speech reports (or ISRs). After presenting some of the author's ideas about reports, I will claim that the tracking and updating involved in ISRs is of a complex kind that requires attention to the role played by speech reporters and their audiences. Following that, I will hold that a general theory of correct ISR strictly in Fregean
The Reflexive-Referential Theory is a multi-content approach to utterance interpretation. Its main proponent, John Perry, assumes that utterances of sentences with singular terms express several contents, depending on how their utterers and interpreters harness information from the situations in which they are produced. However, the theory says little to nothing about implied content, like presuppositions. Here, I discuss the possibility of including presuppositions, defined in terms of the concept of not-at-issue content, in this view. I begin with a brief characterization of the Reflexive-Referential theory in what regards its theoretical motivations and main thesis, followed by a study case of presuppositional not-at-issue content associated to a specific class of singular terms, proper names. To conclude, I ponder over a few consequences of this overall project of theoretical expansion.
In this paper, we defend that demonstratives are expressions of joint attention. Though this idea is not exactly new in the philosophical or linguistic literature, we argue here that their proponents have not yet shown how to incorporate these observations into more traditional theories of demonstratives. Our purpose is then to attempt to fill this gap. We argue that coordinated attentional activities are better integrated into a full account of demonstratives as meta-pragmatic information. Our claim is twofold. First, we claim that pragmatically presupposing salience is a fundamental aspect of using demonstratives (predicted by their semantics and meta-semantics). Secondly, we hold that the pragmatics of demonstrating can only be properly understood in relation to meta-pragmatic conditions that have to do with joint attention. We use tests of truth-value gap as evidence for our claim. Our proposal provides us with a complete view of what speakers do and presuppose when engaging in acts of demonstrative reference through language.
Neste trabalho, eu exploro a ideia de que a colaboração é requerida para a completude de atos de referir-se ao asserir conteúdo proposicional. Essa afirmação é sustentada por um marco empírico proposto primeiramente por HH Clark e seus coautores em fins dos anos 80, mas que está correntemente sendo desenvolvido por pesquisadores nas áreas de sociologia, linguística e psicologia. Eu pretendo mostrar que, no que concerne às investigações filosóficas centradas na referência do falante, nós temos boas razões para supor que atos de referir são também direcionados ao ouvinte, como é sugerido por um trabalho recente de Kent Bach. Consequentemente, nós precisamos de uma teoria não-idealizada de asserções compatível com a observação empírica de como conversas diádicas reais funcionam. Para isso, eu enfoco em uma crítica à teoria da asserção de Stalnaker e ofereço formas de superar as dificuldades por ela trazidas, defendendo uma visão colaborativa da performance de asserções e dos atos de referência do falante.
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