The article presents a comparative analysis of three common breeds of dairy cattle in the Leningrad Region – Ayrshire, Holstein and Black-and-White in terms of average annual milk yields per head, milk fat and protein content and methane emissions. The indicators were compared by a method, which tested the hypothesis of the equality of two means at the level of some error (5%). Holstein cows had the highest annual milk yields; those of Black-and–White cows were 15.24% lower in average, and those of the Ayrshire breed were 26.64% lower. The Ayrshire breed demonstrated the highest milk fat content; the Holstein and Black-and-White breeds – 1.07 and 1.08 times lower, respectfully. The best average protein content was 3.27% in the Ayrshire breed; the Black-and-White breed had 1.03 times lower protein content, and the Holstein breed had 1.04 times lower protein content. The Holstein breed had the highest methane emission of 0.185 t/head/year. Based on the indicators of productivity and milk fat and protein content, it seemed reasonable to divide all the farms in the Leningrad Region that worked with the considered breeds into 4 groups by applying a discriminant analysis. With a more detailed analysis of both individual breeds and when they are considered together, it makes it possible to determine the effectiveness of their housing on a farm at the regional level.
Introduction. There is not enough data on the used intensive technologies of processing pig manure into organic fertilizer to accurately calculate the content of nutrients in the final products and, accordingly, their doses of application. Aim of the Article. To determine the efficiency of pig manure processing technology, which includes liquid fraction rectification, by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of manure and final products, and to trace the redistributing total nitrogen between the final products on the example of a pilot pig breeding complex production. Materials and Methods. For the study, there was chosen a typical pig-breeding complex, where the pig manure processing included slurry acidification, flocculation, separation into fractions in a decanter centrifuge, rectification of liquid fraction, passive composting of solid fraction, and long-term storing of liquid fraction. The technology allows producing three types of end products: solid organic fertilizer, concentrated liquid (ammonia water), and fertilizer solution. Quantity and quality of pig manure and the end products were calculated by the known methods. Experimental studies were performed to compare the results. Samples were analyzed in the analytical laboratory of Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production in 2022. Three replications were carried out for each sample. The experimental data were statistically analysed in MS Excel. Results. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pig manure, its solid and liquid fractions, and end products were calculated. The difference between the calculated and actual values does not exceed 10.2% that indicates the reliability of calculations. Discussion and Conclusion. The introduction of a new technology at the pig-breeding complex has reduced atmospheric emissions by 10% due to the nitrogen conservation, has reduced operating costs for transporting organic fertilizer by 47% due to the concentration of nutrients in a smaller volume and has improved soil fertility through fertilizer irrigation.
The indicators of the feed output and, in general, the profitability of animal husbandry rely on the effectiveness of forage harvesters. Models depicting the performance and fuel use of forage harvesters were received resulting from the analysis of the fuctioning indicators. An effectiveness ratio was suggested for a comparative analysis of their effectiveness. It considers the relationship between performance and fuel use while harvesting grasses of different yields. Three forage harvesters: Jaguar-840, Jaguar-690 and Maral-125 are analyzed in this article when selecting grass windrows dried to a moisture content of 65%. Comparative analysis of the concerned forage harvesters revealed that the fullest loading of the Jaguar-840 and Jaguar-690 harvesters is achieved with a yield of grass more than 17.5 t/ha, and the Maral-125 combine harvester-with a yield of grass more than 10 t / ha. If the grass yield is up to 7 t / ha, the fuel rate of the harvesters is almost the same. Its changes occurs along a decreasing exponential curve with an increase in the yield of grass. The highest effectiveness ratio, equal to 33.54 (ha / shift)×(t / l), during silage preparation, has a Jaguar-840 forage harvester with a grass yield of 10.0-20.0 t / ha. The lowest effectiveness ratio is 5.63 (ha / shift)×(t / l), has Maral-125 harvester in the grass cutting with a yield of 25.0-30.0 t / ha.
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