At the basis of an analysis of morphological and genetic variety, which was done by the polyacry lamyd gel electrophoresis method, the state of population genofond of the model species Chondrula tridens Müll. (the three toothed helix) was studied in conditions of urbanized the forest-steppe landscape of the southern Mid Russia Upland. In most of the studied groups, a real decrease of heterozigocity level is observed, as well as a decrease in allele diversity, which is caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. The automatic genetic processes are considered in populations, and natural selection vectors are determined. The abundance of the studied groups is calculated.

Abstract-Based on the analysis of the morphological and genetic variability detected by the method of the protein gel electrophoresis in PAAG, the gene pool state of twelve adventive Helix pomatia L. grape snail pop ulations under the conditions of urbanized landscapes of south eastern and eastern parts of the modern area. According to the data obtained, most of the studied populations of this mollusk are in a satisfactory state. This is illustrated by the large values of their efficient numbers, the high level of heterozygosity, and decreased inbreeding. The structure of the population gene pools of the grape snail in the researched region is deter mined by their origin, genetic automatic processes, and microclimatic conditions of the urban environment.

Выбор этого вида неслучаен. Кустарниковая улитка довольно крупный объ-ект (ширина раковины до 25 мм), обладает ярко выраженным полиморфизмом конхиологических и биохимических признаков, образует многочисленные ко-лонии, широко распространена на европейском континенте. В этой связи вид уже давно используется как объект мониторинга различных урбанизированных территорий (Матекин, Макеева, 1977; Зейферт, 1987; Хохуткин, 1997; Мате-кин и др., 2000; Макеева и др., 2005; Снегин, 1999, 2005а, б, 2006; Макеева, 2008). МатерИал И МетоДИка ИССлеДоВаНИЯДля сбора моллюсков на участке 2×2 м энтомологическим сачком про-водилось кошение. При этом в сачок попадались разновозрастные особи, сидящие на стеблях трав. Затем, на этом же участке вручную с почвы со-бирались моллюски, упавшие при кошении, а также находящиеся во время сбора в прикорневом ярусе. При небольшой плотности моллюсков размер участка увеличивали в два раза. В каждом исследуемом биоценозе делалось три или четыре выборки. Координаты выборок отмечали с помощью GPS навигатора Garmin 76. Общую площадь занимаемого улитками биотопа оп-ределяли по карте.В качестве генетических маркеров популяционной структуры нами были использованы менделирующие признаки, представленные в таблице 1.Экстракцию водорастворимых белков проводили из ретрактора ноги мол-люсков, путем замораживания при -80 °С с последующим оттаиванием и механическим измельчением тефлоновым гомогенизатором в 0,05 М трис-НСl-буфере (pH 6,7). Электорофорез изоферментов проводился в 10 % по-лиакриламидном геле в камере VE-3 («Helicon»). Гелевый трис-НCl-буфер (концентрирующий гель pH 6,7, разделяющий гель pН 8,9); электродный трис-глициновый-буфер (pН 8,3). Окрашивание блоков проводилось в суб-стратной смеси: трис-HCl (рH 7,4), α-нафтилацетат, прочный красный TR.

Abstract⎯Based on DNA markers (RAPD and ISSR), the state of gene pools of nineteen populations of the specially protected relict Helicopsis striata (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata) species in conditions of the Central Russian Upland south was studied. The data obtained demonstrate a high degree of subdivision of the population (Ф st = 0.404, G st = 0.358) and an increased level of homozygosity in a number of groups inhabiting the industrial zone and steppe biotopes. A significant correlation between the intensity of the gene flow and geographical distances between populations (R = 0.571 ± 0.052) was registered; this corresponds to isolation by the distance model. The effective size values calculated based on the subdivision indices were significantly lower than the similar effective size of the background mollusk species.

On the basis of the analysis of genetic variation detectable by ISSR-PCR, the state of the gene pools of 14 populations of Roman snail Helix pomatia L. in the conditions of urbanized landscapes of the southeastern and eastern parts of the current range was examined. According to the data obtained, the major ity of the studied populations of this mollusk are in satisfactory condition. This is evidenced by the increased level of genetic diversity (He = 0.199 ± 0.025, / sh = 0.306 ± 0.035) and the high values of effective popula tion size, calculated, on the basis of the straight-line regression equation, between the pairwise genetic and geographic distances (Ne = 2.0-4.9) that are comparable with indigenous common species of terrestrial mollusks. Despite the high level of differentiation (Gst = 0.255, Фй = 0.233, Nm = 0.822), the population distri bution was not random (Rm =-0.591, p = 0.0004) and corresponded to the model of isolation by distance. It is hypothesized that, in the adventitious colonies of this mollusk, effective formation of a balanced genetic structure takes place that, in the context of biological and ecological features, facilitates its adaptation to the conditions of an urban environment and the population of the new territories of Eastern Europe.

Background. One may hypothesize that the land snail B. cylindrica distributed in small, isolated, ephemeral populations tends to decrease genetic polymorphism level (e. g., observed heterozygosity for allozyme loci). Thus, the present study aims at estimating the levels of allozyme polymorphism in the land snail B. cylindrica from continuously distributed populations and ephemeral ones. Materials and methods. In the Nikolaev urbanised areas 9 samples were taken and studied electrophoretically for four polymorphic allozyme system. In the Dubki, Neftebasa and Park Pobedy populations (continuously distributed populations - group N 1) the two localities, situated about 50 m apart, were sampled. While only single locality were investigated from the Kosmos, Morechodnaya and Mira populations (ephemeral populations - group N 2). Statistical analysis of electrophoretic data was performed with the program GenAIEx version 6.0. Results. In general, significant differences with respect to the level of genetic polymorphism between the continuous and ephemeral populations of the land snail B. cylindrical have not discovered on the basis of allozymes loci. However, when analyzing the distribution of multilocus allozyme genotypes in the populations studied, we have received fundamentally different results. In general, ephemeral populations differed from the continuous ones with respect to the frequency of studied multilocus allozyme genotypes although one populations has been disrupted this rule (Dubki-2). Conclusion. Based on these results it is concluded that small, isolated (including, urban) populations tend to reduce the level of genetic diversity, due to the manifestation of genetic and stochastic processes (genetic drift or founder effect). In addition, an important consequence of the latter there is a relatively high rate of unpredictable change genotypic profiles of such settlements, which leads to a significant increase in the level of genetic differentiation between them.

In this study we examined evolutionary processes in the populations of small mobile animal spe cies, the terrestrial mollusks Chondrula tridens Müll. (Ch. tridens) in the urbanized landscape. We applied PCR methodology, using the RAPD and ISSR DNA markers, to define the genetic structure in the Ch. tridens populations, inhabiting the Mid Russian Upland. Analysis of the obtained DNA patterns uncovered the presence of both polymorphic and monomorphic alleles. Based on this data, we defined the levels of genetic variability in the studied Ch. tridens populations, and determined the factors affecting formation of the pop ulation's gene pool in this species. We present our conclusions on the genome structure and gene pool distri bution in the populations of the Ch. tridens in the urbanized landscape.Gst-share of interpopulation genetic diversity in the overall diversity of the species, Ht-expected proportion of heterozygous genotypes in the general population, Hs-average for all sub populations of intra population diversity value, Nm-average genetic drift per generation.

The modified glass-fiber membranes possess high mechanical strength, good wetting and storage capacity, these properties render them a promising medium for storing dry biomaterial collected from agricultural plants. We have studied the applicability of this method for storing biomaterial collected from cucumber, tomato and potato in the form of dried spots on glass-fiber matrices for further ecological and phytosanitary studies. Also preservation of Phytophthora infestans deoxyribonucleic acid in the potato tuber and tomato fruit biomaterial stored on glass-fiber membranes has been evaluated. It has been revealed via real time polymerase chain reaction assays that in dried spots on glass-fiber membranes more than 90% of the plant deoxyribonucleic acid is preserved after seven-day storage. The method of electrophoretic isolation has shown that the condition of Phytophthora infestans deoxyribonucleic acid in the plant biomaterial stored on glass-fiber membranes is similar to the control after any storage period. In all the studied cases the storage conditions of the dried spots on glass-fiber matrices had no influence on the target deoxyribonucleic acid preservation. The obtained results prove usability of membrane carriers for crop science as a whole and detection of plant diseases in particular, and for food quality monitoring, especially carried out in the field.