Background:We aimed to provide a comprehensive literature review on the best practice
management of patients with nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer
(MIBC) using neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).Method:Between July and September 2018, we conducted a systematic review using
MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic bibliographic databases. The search strategy
included the following terms: Neoadjuvant Therapy and Urinary Bladder
Neoplasms.Results:There is no benefit of a single-agent platinum-based chemotherapy.
Platinum-based NAC is the gold standard therapy and mainly consists of a
combination of cisplatin, vinblastine, methotrexate, doxorubicin,
gemcitabine or even epirubicin (MVAC). At 5 years, the absolute overall
survival benefit of MVAC was 5% and the absolute disease-free survival was
improved by 9%. This effect was observed independently of the type of local
treatment and did not vary between subgroups of patients. Moreover, a ypT0
stage (complete pathological response) after radical cystectomy was a
surrogate marker for improved oncological outcomes. High-density MVAC has
been shown to decrease toxicity (with a grade 3–4 toxicity ranging from 0%
to 26%) without impacting oncological outcomes. To date, there is no role
for carboplatin administration in the neoadjuvant setting in patients that
are unfit for cisplatin-based NAC administration. So far, there is no
published trial evaluating the role of immunotherapy in a neoadjuvant
setting, but many promising studies are ongoing.Conclusion:There is a strong level of evidence supporting the clinical use of a
high-dose-intensity combination of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin
and cisplatin in a neoadjuvant setting. The landscape of MIBC therapies
should evolve in the near future with emerging immunotherapies.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is curable in most men but becomes lethal for patients with metastases at diagnosis and those who experience biochemical recurrence (BCR) after curative therapies. Androgen deprivation therapy is given upon BCR, but patients inevitably fail and become castration resistant (CRPC), dying from metastatic (m)CRPC despite receiving 2nd and 3rd line therapies (androgen receptor inhibitors/ARIs and/or taxanes). Drugs targeting other pathways have been tested in clinical trials. Few are implemented in practice due to low response rates, although some show a significant benefit in subsets of unselected patients. This clinical heterogeneity underscores the cellular and functional heterogeneity of malignant cells, highlighting the need for biomarkers of response to therapies. In line with the growing interest in using non-invasive liquid biopsies to monitor disease progression, we hypothesized that genes encoding proteins representative of prostate epithelial cell-subtypes may be detectable in blood as predictive biomarkers. Our objective was to identify such representative genes and test them in the blood of patients to determine whether they can stratify patients for optimal disease management. 14 genes pertaining to cell subtypes were chosen based on a thorough literature review. The panel was validated in transcriptomic datasets showing their predominant overexpression in metastases of mCRPC cases compared to primary tumours and benign prostate from diverse cohorts of patients. TaqMan assays were designed and optimized in serial dilutions of RNA from five prostate cancer cell lines. The panel was tested in the blood of healthy controls (n=9) and patients prior to prostatectomy (n=8), post-curative therapies (n=7), or mCRPC (n=19). In control men with no prostatic disease in their lifetime, we see low or no expression of most genes, with no correlation with age (29-71 years old). No association was seen between the proportions of different white blood cells and genes of interest expressed at varying levels in the blood of mCRPC patients. The threshold for overexpression in patients was defined as 2.58 standard deviation above the mean expression from controls (99.5% confidence interval). Phenotypic and functional diversity was seen in all categories of patients. Changes in genes patterns were significant in mCRPC cases based on current treatments (at time of blood draw) and the choice of initial curative therapy. For example, neuroendocrine genes were predominantly overexpressed in patients who underwent curative radiation therapy, whereas stem cell genes arose in cases under AR-Is at blood draw. In conclusion, we identified circulating genes that may be clinically meaningful to stratify and follow patients and predict response to therapies. Genes encoding drug targets may allow patient-tailored clinical trials for personalized treatments to impact on this unpredictable and lethal disease.
Citation Format: Seta Derderian, Edouard Jarry, Arynne Santos, Mohanachary Amaravadi, Quentin Vesval, Lucie Hamel, Nathalie Cote, Marie Vanhuyse, Armen Aprikian, Simone Chevalier. Identifying therapeutic options for patients with advanced prostate cancer through genes in liquid biopsies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2021 Oct 7-10. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2021;20(12 Suppl):Abstract nr CC06-01.
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