A 7.4% power conversion efficiency at air mass (AM) 1.5 full sunlight was reached with a mesoscopic solar cell employing a new binary ionic liquid electrolyte composed of 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide in conjunction with the amphiphilic ruthenium complex NaRu(4-carboxylic acid-4'-carboxylate)(4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bipyridine)(NCS)(2), coded as Z-907Na. Ultramicroelectrode voltammetric, nanosecond laser transient absorbance, and photovoltaic measurements show that a high iodide concentration is required for dye regeneration to compete efficiently with charge recombination. A surprisingly fast reductive quenching process is turned on in pure iodide melts. This channel is unproductive, explaining the lower photocurrents observed under these conditions.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is revolutionising how we envision manufacturing in the pharmaceutical field. Here, we report for the first time the use of Direct Powder Extrusion 3D printing: a novel, single-step printing process Single-screw direct powder extrusion 3D printing has been successfully used for the first time tofor the production of prepare printlets (3D printed tablets) directly from powdered materials. This newovel 3D printing technology has allowedwas used to prepare amorphous solid dispersions of itraconazole using the preparation amorphous solid dispersion of itraconazole in an amorphous solid dispersion directly from powdered materials using with four different grades of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC-UL, SSL, SL and L). All of the printlets showed good mechanical and physical characteristics and no drug degradation. The printlets showed sustained drug release characteristics, withs and drug concentrations higher than the solubility of the drug itself. The printlets prepared with the ultra-low molecular grade (HPC-UL) showed faster drug release compared withthan the other HPC grades, attributed to the fact that itraconazole wasis found in a higher percentage a higher percentage as an amorphous solid dispersion. This work also demonstrates the potential of thisat this innovate technology tocan overcome one of the major disadvantages of fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing by avoiding the need for preparation of filaments by hot melt extrusion (HME). This novel single-step new technology could revolutioniisze the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions as final formulations and it may be especially suited for preclinical studies, where the quantity of drugs is limited and without the need of using traditional HME.

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1H, 2H, and 11B NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the mechanism of the Fries rearrangement of aryl formates promoted by boron trichloride by monitoring both the substrate and the Lewis acid. DFT calculations were employed to investigate the energetics of several reaction paths and to calculate NMR chemical shifts of key intermediates and products. After the formation of a 1:1 substrate−Lewis acid adduct, the rearrangement proceeds in two steps, beginning with the cleavage of the ester bond and the release of formyl chloride in situ, which, in turn, acts as a formylating agent, introducing an aldehydic functionality into the aromatic ring. The high regioselectivity (only the ortho product is obtained) is also accounted for by the proposed intermolecular, Lewis acid-assisted mechanism.