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Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients worldwide. While metronidazole and vancomycin are the most prescribed antibiotics for the treatment of this infection, teicoplanin, tigecycline and nitazoxanide are alternatives drugs. Knowledge on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles is a basic step to differentiate recurrence from treatment failure due to antimicrobial resistance. Because C. difficile antimicrobial susceptibility is largely unknown in Brazil, we aimed to determine the profile of C. difficile strains cultivated from stool samples of inpatients with diarrhea and a positive toxin A/B test using both agar dilution and disk diffusion methods. All 50 strains tested were sensitive to metronidazole according to CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints with an MIC90 value of 2μg/mL. Nitazoxanide and tigecycline were highly active in vitro against these strains with an MIC90 value of 0.125μg/mL for both antimicrobials. The MIC90 were 4μg/mL and 2μg/mL for vancomycin and teicoplanin, respectively. A resistance rate of 8% was observed for moxifloxacin. Disk diffusion can be used as an alternative to screen for moxifloxacin resistance, nitazoxanide, tigecycline and metronidazole susceptibility, but it cannot be used for testing glycopeptides. Our results suggest that C. difficile strains from São Paulo city, Brazil, are susceptible to metronidazole and have low MIC90 values for most of the current therapeutic options available in Brazil.

Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of red propolis and xylitol chewable tablets in reducing concentrations of microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans (SM) and gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Methods: A total of 12 volunteers of both sexes presenting no caries (ICDAS II 0), users of fixed orthodontic appliances and with visible plaque index were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Was to determine the variations in the concentrations of SM and GNB in the saliva before and after the administration of the chewable tablets. The appearance of adverse reactions and side effects was analyzed. The Mann-Whitney (parametric) test was used for pairwise comparisons of means. The Wilxocon test was also used. Results: The study revealed that the propolis and xylitol chewable tablets had antimicrobial activity, reducing the concentration of GNB by-1.39 log 10 CFU/mL (p = 0.036) and compared to placebo (p = 0.004698). There was a significant reduction of SM of-0.22 log 10 CFU/mL (p = 0.031) and compared to placebo (p = 0.002165). Conclusion: Thus, in addition to the good safety profile, with a low rate of adverse effects, red propolis and xylitol tablets proved to be an effective potential low-cost alternative to combat dental caries and other periodontal diseases.

This work aimed to carry out a literature review correlating the use of xylitol with the prevention of dental caries, which is a chronic and multifactorial disease, caused by organic acids originated from the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates (dependent sucrose) by bacteria and, when associated with a limited ability to correct oral pH, lead to tooth decalcification, a process known as demineralization. The cariogenic potential of the oral microbiota is genetically determined and is accentuated by the availability of sucrose. Under these conditions, the metabolic pathways favor the reduction of pH, demineralization of the dental substrate and the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides that act as an energy supply and adhesive strategy. Xylitol is an alcoholic sugar that hardly undergoes fermentation by oral bacteria. Therefore, it has been recommended as a substitute for sugar, especially when food is eaten between meals, helping to prevent tooth decay. The antimicrobial activity of xylitol occurs when the compound is incorporated into the bacterial cell, through the phosphorylation process in the glycolytic pathway of the bacterium, forming xylitol-5-phosphate, that is not metabolized by any enzyme, characterizing it as an intermediate compound. Xylitol is a safe nutrient for human use, and several studies have analyzed the influence of xylitol in dental caries prevention. However, there is a need for more robust clinical trials for the evaluation of the effectiveness of xylitol under ideal conditions propitious to its use.

RESUMOInfecção hospitalar (IH) ou infecção nosocominal se define como qualquer doença infecciosa contraída após a hospitalização do paciente, mesmo que o indivíduo não tenha apresentado sinais e sintomas antes de seu internamento. Para que o processo infeccioso se instale, o microrganismo depende de uma falha no sistema de defesa do hospedeiro, o qual pode ou não manifestar a patologia. A utilização de desinfetantes com ácido peracético e o hipoclorito de sódio são métodos que conferem maior potencial antimicrobiano. No entanto, diversos microrganismos possuem mecanismos de resistência frente a medidas comumente adotadas para desinfecção. A pesquisa objetivou avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana de desinfetantes utilizados no setor pediátrico e unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, além de verificar a presença ou ausência de microrganismos em superfícies inanimadas pertencentes ao local de estudo assim como verificar a qualidade da higienização. Foi realizado o teste de coloração de Gram, catalase e coagulase para identificação morfológica e para a avaliação da eficácia dos produtos foi utilizado o teste de concentração inibitória mínima, onde foram usadas cepas padrões como Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas ssp e Eschericia coli. Na avaliação da eficácia somente na cepa referente a Streptococcus pneumoniae obteve Inibição em concentração até 0,3µl (Total). Diante do exposto pode-se concluir que, observou-se uma contaminação de microrganismos bacterianos nos setores de pediatria e UTI neonatal, bem como uma eficácia dos agentes químicos utilizados na higienização dos setores, mas ou mesmo tempo os produtos se comportaram de maneira ineficaz. DESCRITORES:Desinfetantes. Eficácia. Infecção hospitalar. ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY TESTING OF DISINFECTANTS USED IN THE HOSPITAL ROUTINE CLEANING ABSTRACTHospital-acquired infection (HAI) or nosocomial infection is defined as any infectious disease contracted after the patient's hospitalization, even if the individual has not presented signs and symptoms before his/her hospitalization. In order to cause an infectious process, the microorganism depends on a failure in the host defense system, which may or may not manifest the pathology. The use of disinfectants with peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite are methods which provide better antimicrobial potential. However, several microorganisms have resistance mechanisms against regular disinfection measures. This research aimed at testing the antimicrobial efficacy of disinfectants used in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care units, as well as to verify the presence or absence of microorganisms on inanimate surfaces belonging to the field of study, in addition to verifying quality and hygiene management. Gram staining, catalase and coagulase tests were performed for morphological identification, and the minimum inhibitory concentration test was used for the product efficacy evaluation, which standard strains such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Strep...

Infecção hospitalar (IH) ou infecção nosocominal se define como qualquer doença infecciosa contraída após a hospitalização do paciente, mesmo que o indivíduo não tenha apresentado sinais e sintomas antes de seu internamento. Para que o processo infeccioso se instale, o microrganismo depende de uma falha no sistema de defesa do hospedeiro, o qual pode ou não manifestar a patologia. A utilização de desinfetantes com ácido peracético e o hipoclorito de sódio são métodos que conferem maior potencial antimicrobiano. No entanto, diversos microrganismos possuem mecanismos de resistência frente a medidas comumente adotadas para desinfecção. A pesquisa objetivou avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana de desinfetantes utilizados no setor pediátrico e unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, além de verificar a presença ou ausência de microrganismos em superfícies inanimadas pertencentes ao local de estudo assim como verificar a qualidade da higienização. Foi realizado o teste de coloração de Gram, catalase e coagulase para identificação morfológica e para a avaliação da eficácia dos produtos foi utilizado o teste de concentração inibitória mínima, onde foram usadas cepas padrões como Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas ssp e Eschericia coli. Na avaliação da eficácia somente na cepa referente a Streptococcus pneumoniae obteve Inibição em concentração até 0,3µl (Total). Diante do exposto pode-se concluir que, observou-se uma contaminação de microrganismos bacterianos nos setores de pediatria e UTI neonatal, bem como uma eficácia dos agentes químicos utilizados na higienização dos setores, mas ou mesmo tempo os produtos se comportaram de maneira ineficaz.

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