Pisciculture has been an important part of the economy in many regions of Brazil, and the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) stands out as one of the country’s most commercialized native freshwater fish species. Loss of genetic variability can affect characteristics such as reproduction and growth rates, as well as disease resistance and is of great concern in this field. Molecular markers such as mitochondrial DNA genes have been increasingly used to understand genetic variability in species of economic importance. This study aimed to characterize the genetic variability of tambaqui populations reared in two fish farms (Itiúba, AL and Betume, SE) of the lower São Francisco River by analyzing the control region and ATPase genes of mitochondrial DNA. Sequencing of samples from progenies and breeding individuals identified 42 haplotypes (32 unique), of which four haplotypes were shared between the two fish farms as a result of a founder effect, because individuals from Itiúba formed the stock of the Betume fish farming Station. Haplotype diversity was high in both locations. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed greater genetic variation within populations (96.76%) than between them (3.24%) and the FST value (0.03) indicated low genetic differentiation between the two populations. The observed high genetic variability can be explained by the number of breeders in the two fish farms (200 in Itiúba and 1400 in Betume) and the breeding management system, which seems to be effective in maintaining stock variability.
This study aimed to estimate the nutrients concentration variability in the São Francisco estuary from observed data during the summer and winter seasons of 2014 and to assess the influence of outflow discharges, circulation and precipitation on nutrients fluxes exchange. The marginal difference in the streamflow (1,160 m3/s - summer; 1,260 m3/s - winter) reflected the small role of the river discharge on the variability of the nutrients load. The increase in the sediments load from February (13189.70 T/month) to July (36088.56 T/month) revealed that high precipitation (153.6 mm - winter; 37.6 mm - summer) and internal circulation might have contributed to enhancing the sediment budge towards the estuary mouth. The strong current velocity in July (~0.9 m/s) revealed more potential to export estuarine waters towards the coast when compared to ~0.7 m/s (February). The concentrations and nutrients load were higher during the winter season led by phosphate (3.70 μgL-1) and NID (83.64 μg L-1), against (1.38 μgL-1 and 30.70 μgL-1 - summer), except for silicates with 4.20 mgL-1 (summer) and 3.59 mgL-1 (winter). Despite the active control of outflows, the internal circulation, followed by local precipitation, are considered the main mechanisms behind the increased nutrients load within the estuary.
The order of magnitude of the global transport of materials through the rivers is still a controversial topic. The São Francisco River (NE-Brazil) Midsize (L = 2863km, AB = 640x 103km2) is characterized by multiple uses, and a system of dams in cascade. This article is a review of the particulate matter suspended load in the San Francisco river, through synthesizing, grouping and comparing against other tropical rivers. The annual flows of suspended particulate matter ranged from 0.2x106t.a-1 to 7.7x106t.a-1 for the hydrological years of 2001 and 2004, respectively. Despite the existing dams system in the São Francisco, there is considerable interannual variability in the suspended particulate material flow. This variability is associated mainly with extreme hydrological events of floods, when the inflows are higher than the storage capacity of dams, generating large flows and large material loads. The São Francisco River presents a lower yield of the suspended particulate matter when compared to other tropical rivers, which can be attributed to its hydrographic basin presenting semi-arid regions. Besides, the retention due to the cascade of dams contributes to the reduced yield.
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