Subtoxic doses of glyphosate stimulate the growth of a range of plant species, as measured in several plant organs. This hormesis effect is likely to be related to the molecular target of glyphosate, since the effect was not seen in glyphosate-resistant plants, and shikimate levels were enhanced in plants with stimulated growth.

As all herbicides act on pathways or processes crucial to plants, in an inhibitory or stimulatory way, low rates of any herbicide might be used to modulate plant growth, development, or plant composition. Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the world, and very low rates of this herbicide can stimulate plant growth, an effect called hormesis. Several studies have shown that glyphosate applications at low rates can increase plant growth, induce shikimic acid accumulation, increase photosynthesis and stomatal opening, increase seed production, and shorten the plant life cycle. Low rates of glyphosate applied to leaves have been reported to cause one or more of these effects in an expanding group of species. Under field conditions, pesticide rates are not uniform, causing some target organisms to receive rates that are low enough to cause hormesis. Until the present, low rates of glyphosate have not been recommended as a growth stimulant for crops, because the hormetic dose can vary considerably, depending on many factors. The objective of the present review is to summarize and analyze existing information about the hormetic effects of glyphosate on plants, thus contributing to understanding how glyphosate hormesis takes place and evaluating the potential use of glyphosate to stimulate plant growth. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Contabilizou-se as plântulas emersas antes e após a remoção da cobertura com palha. A etapa com cobertura de palha do ensaio foi encerrada aos 64 dias após a semeadura, devido à estabilização da emergência em condições, visualmente, inalteradas quanto à quantidade de cobertura de palha e a etapa sem cobertura foi encerrada 119 dias após a remoção da palha. As sementes das espécies de plantas daninhas estudadas apresentam comportamentos germinativos distintos e a cobertura do solo com quantidades crescentes de palha de cana-de-açúcar resultou em padrões de emergência espécie-dependentes. Em condições de cobertura do solo com palha de cana, provável no sistema de colheita da cana crua, as espécies invasoras Bidens pilosa, Euphorbia heterophylla e Ipomoea grandifolia tendem a manter-se como plantas problemas e Sida rhombifolia deverá diminuir sua agressividade, principalmente quando quantidades de palha iguais ou superiores a 6 t/ha foram utilizadas.Palavras chave: Banco de sementes, dormência, cobertura morta, Saccharum officinalis, planta daninha. ABSTRACT Broadleaf weed emergence in soil covered with sugar cane strawThe effect of sugarcane straw over the soil was studied on field conditions on weed seed emergence. The trial witth straw fron RB 82 5336 sugarcane cultivar was carried out with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 15 ton/ha amount. The weeds studied were Sida rhombifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla, Bidens pilosa and Ipomoea grandifolia. We used 500 seeds of each weed studied. The research was conducted in randomized completely block design with four replications. The weed emergnece has depended of each weed and amount of sugarcane straw studied. The results showed that increasing in the amount of straw there was decrease on the seed emergence of Sida rhombifolia. To the other weeds, the straw amount that affected the weed emergence was 15 ton/ha only.

RESUMO -O presente trabalho constou de sete experimentos, que foram conduzidos na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, campus de Botucatu, UNESP, São Paulo, Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos alelopáticos de Brachiaria decumbens, colhida em diferentes épocas, sobre o crescimento inicial de milho, arroz, trigo, soja, feijão, algodão e capim-braquiária (B. decumbens), bem como a dinâmica do nitrogênio no solo. A parte aérea de B. decumbens foi coletada durante as estações seca (outono-inverno) e chuvosa (primavera-verão), em área de pastagem localizada no município de Botucatu-SP. A matéria seca triturada de B. decumbens foi incorporada ao solo dos vasos na proporção de 3% p/p. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Contando-se a partir do transplante, o experimento foi conduzido por 21 dias para milho e feijão, 24 dias para soja e trigo, 28 dias para arroz e 30 dias para algodão e capim-braquiária. O crescimento dessas plantas foi reduzido com a adição de capim-braquiária para as duas épocas, sendo o próprio capim-braquiária o mais afetado. Os efeitos inibitórios foram mais intensos para capim-braquiária coletado na estação chuvosa. A incorporação da matéria seca da parte aérea de B. decumbens reduziu, significativamente, os teores de nitrato no solo, em todos os estudos realizados. Palavras-chave: alelopatia, culturas anuais, Brachiaria, nitrogênio. ABSTRACT -This work consisted of seven experiments carried out at UNESP -Botucatu-SP -

Tracer substances, used to evaluate spraying effectiveness, ordinarily modify the surface tension of aqueous solutions. This study aimed to establish a method of using tracers to evaluate distribution and amount of spray deposits, adjusted to the surface tension of the spraying solution. The following products were tested: 0.15% Brilliant Blue, 0.15% Saturn Yellow in 0.015% Vixilperse lignosulfonate, and 0.005% sodium fluorescein, and mixtures of Brilliant Blue plus Saturn Yellow and Brilliant Blue plus sodium fluorescein at the same concentrations. Solutions were deposited on citrus leaves and stability was determined by measuring fluorescence and optical density of solutions without drying, dried in the dark and exposed to sunlight for 2, 4 and 8 h. These values were compared to those obtained directly in water. The static surface tension of the tracer solution was determined by weighing droplets formed during a period of 20 to 40 seconds. The Brilliant Blue and Saturn Yellow mixture at 0.15% was stable under all conditions tested. It was not absorbed by the leaves and maintained the same surface tension as that of water, thus permitting concentration adjustment to the same levels used for agrochemical products, and allowing the development of a qualitative method based on visual evaluation of the distribution of the pigment under ultraviolet light and of a quantitative method based on the determination of the amount of the dye deposited in the same solution. Spray deposition could be evaluated at different surface tensions of the spraying solution, simulating the effect of agrochemical formulations. Key words: pesticide application, deposition assessment, tracer, citrus trees ESCOLHA DE TRAÇADORES PARA AVALIAÇÃO DE DEPÓSITOS DE PULVERIZAÇÃORESUMO: As substâncias traçadoras são usadas para avaliar a eficácia de pulverizações mas, normalmente, elas modificam a tensão superficial de soluções aquosas. O trabalho objetivou definir um método para avaliar a distribuição e a quantidade de produto depositada em pulverizações, utilizando-se substâncias traçadoras, com a possibilidade de ajustar a tensão superficial da calda. Foram testados os produtos Azul Brilhante a 0,15%, Saturn Yellow a 0,15% suspenso em lignosulfonato Vixilperse a 0,015% e a Fluoresceína Sódica a 0,005%, e as misturas de Azul Brilhante mais Saturn Yellow e Azul Brilhante mais Fluoresceína, nas mesmas concentrações. Para avaliar a degradação as soluções com os produtos foram depositados sobre folhas de citros e avaliados as quantidades através da leitura de unidade de fluorescência e densidade óptica, das soluções sem secar, secas no escuro, exposta ao sol por 2, 4 e 8 horas e comparadas com as leituras obtidas com os depósitos direto em água. A tensão superficial da solução traçadora foi determinada pela passagem de gotas formadas no período entre 20 e 40 segundos. A mistura do Azul Brilhante mais o Saturn Yellow a 0,15%, não apresentou degradação em todas as condições de avaliação, não foi absorvida pelas folhas e manteve a solução na m...

As all herbicides act on pathways or processes crucial to plants, in an inhibitory or stimulatory way, low doses of any herbicide might be used to beneficially modulate plant growth, development, or composition. Glyphosate, the most used herbicide in the world, is widely applied at low rates to ripen sugarcane. Low rates of glyphosate also can stimulate plant growth (this effect is called hormesis). When applied at recommended rates for weed control, glyphosate can inhibit rust diseases in glyphosate-resistant wheat and soybean. Fluridone blocks carotenoid biosynthesis by inhibition of phytoene desaturase and is effective in reducing the production of abscisic acid in drought-stressed plants. Among the acetolactate synthase inhibitors, sulfometuron-methyl is widely used to ripen sugarcane and imidazolinones can be used to suppress turf species growth. The application of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors can trigger plant defenses against pathogens. Glufosinate, a glutamine synthetase inhibitor, is also known to improve the control of plant diseases. Auxin agonists (i.e., dicamba and 2,4-D) are effective, low-cost plant growth regulators. Currently, auxin agonists are still used in tissue cultures to induce somatic embryogenesis and to control fruit ripening, to reduce drop of fruits, to enlarge fruit size, or to extend the harvest period in citrus orchards. At low doses, triazine herbicides stimulate growth through beneficial effects on nitrogen metabolism and through auxin-like effects. Thus, sublethal doses of several herbicides have applications other than weed control.

Amicarbazone is a new triazolinone herbicide with a broad spectrum of weed control. The phenotypic responses of sensitive plants exposed to amicarbazone include chlorosis, stunted growth, tissue necrosis, and death. Its efficacy as both a foliar- and root-applied herbicide suggests that absorption and translocation of this compound is very rapid. This new herbicide is a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, inducing chlorophyll fluorescence and interrupting oxygen evolution ostensibly via binding to the QB domain of photosystem II (PSII) in a manner similar to the triazines and the triazinones classes of herbicides. As a result, its efficacy is susceptible to the most common form of resistance to PSII inhibitors. Nonetheless, amicarbazone has a good selectivity profile and is a more potent herbicide than atrazine, which enables its use at lower rates than those of traditional photosynthetic inhibitors.

RESUMO -O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a seletividade de herbicidas para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar quando aplicado em culturas tratadas com nematicidas. O experimento foi instalado em área pertencente à Usina São José, município de Borebi-SP, ano agrícola de 2000/01. A variedade de cana-de-açúcar utilizada foi a RB855113. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Cada parcela correspondeu a 27 linhas de 10,0 m, espaçadas em 1,0 m, sendo dividida em três subparcelas. As parcelas corresponderam aos tratamentos com os herbicidas, e as subparcelas, à aplicação ou não dos nematicidas carbofuran (2,10 kg ha -1 ) e terbufós 2,25 kg ha -1