BackgroundThe human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) affects 2–5 million people worldwide, and is associated with a number of degenerative and infectious diseases. The Envelope glycoproteins (gp) are highly conserved among the different HTLV-1 isolates, although nucleotide substitutions in the region that codifies these proteins may influence both the infectivity and the replication of the virus. The gp46 gene has functional domains which have been associated with the inhibition of the formation of the syncytium, cell-cell transmission, and the production of antibodies. The present study investigated the genetic stability of the gp46 gene of HTLV-1 in an endemic region of Brazilian Amazonia.MethodsIndex case (IC - a sample of a given family group) carriers of HTLV-1 were investigated in the metropolitan region of Belém (Pará, Brazil) between January 2010 (registered retrospectively) and December 2015. The sequences that codify the gp46 were amplified by PCR, purified and sequenced (MF084788–MF084825). The gene was characterized using bioinformatics and Bayesian Inference.ResultsThe 40 patients analyzed had a mean age of 45.2 years and 70% presented some type of symptom, with a predominance of pain and sensitivity, dysautonomia, and motor disorders. All patients presented the aA (Transcontinental Cosmopolitan) genotype, with an extremely low mutation rate, which is characteristic of the codifying region (aA – 1.83 × 10–4 mutations per site per year). The gp46 gene had a nucleotide diversity of between 0.00% and 2.0%. Amino acid mutations were present in 66.6% of the samples of individuals with signs/symptoms or diseases associated with HTLV-1 (p = 0.0091). Of the three most frequent mutations, the previously undescribed N93D mutant was invariably associated with symptomatic cases.ConclusionsThe aA HTLV-1 subtype is predominant in the metropolitan region of Belém and presented a high degree of genetic stability in the codifying region. The rare N93D amino acid mutation may be associated with the clinical manifestations of this viral infection.ImportanceLittle is known of the phylogeny of HTLV-1 in the endemic region of Brazilian Amazonia, and few complete gene sequences are available for the gp46 glycoprotein from the local population. The nucleotide sequences of the viral gp46 gene recorded in the present study confirmed the genetic stability of the region, and pointed to a homogeneous viral group, with local geographic characteristics. Further research will be necessary to more fully understand the molecular diversity of this protein, given the potential of this codifying region as a model for an effective HTLV-1 vaccine. The identification of a rare mutation (N93D), present only in symptomatic patients, should also be investigated further as a potential clinical marker.Trial registrationISRCTN 12345678, registered 28 September 2014.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-0984-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Sinais bimanuais da Libras: um estudo da produção de sinais realizados no subespaço "costas da mão" do parâmetro locação Libras' bimanual signs: a study regarding the production of signs realized in the subspace "back of the hand" of the location parameter Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma análise de como se apresentam os sinais da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) pelos sinalizadores surdos de Sergipe, produzidos com as duas mãos, em que a mão ativa configura o sinal e a passiva serve de apoio para o sinal configurado, no subespaço "costas da mão", da locação "mão de apoio". Esse estudo teve como metodologia a pesquisa bibliográfica, utilizando como principais bases teóricas os estudos linguísticos de Quadros a pesquisa de campo, por meio da observação direta da sinalização dos participantes e do vídeoregistro das variantes que ocorrem na forma como se apresenta o subespaço "costas da mão", da locação mão de apoio, na produção dos sinais, identificando se a frequência é maior na forma de mão aberta ou fechada. Os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa nos levaram a uma análise de que as variações que ocorrem na forma da mão do subespaço "costas da mão" quando um sinal é produzido sobre ela podem se caracterizar como um alofone, uma vez que essas variações não alteram o sentido nem o significado dos sinais. Palavras-chave:Costas da mão. Locação. Mão de apoio. Variação fonológica. AbstractThe aim of this article was to perform an analysis of how the signs of the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), produced with two hands, in which the active hand configures the sign and the passive one works as a support for the configured sign, in the subspace "back of the hand", of the location "hand of support", are used by the deaf people from Sergipe. The methodology of this study is the bibliographic research, using as main theoretical framework the linguistic studies by Quadros and Karnopp (2004), Felipe (1998), Brito (1998 and Karnopp (1999), and the field research, using the direct observation of the participants signing and the videorecording of the variants that occur in the way the subspace "back of the hand", of the hand support location, is presented in the production of the signs, in order to identify if the frequency is greater in the form of hand open or closed. The results found in this research led us to conclude that the variations that take place in the form of the hand of the subspace "back of the hand", when a sign is produced on it, can be characterized as an allophone, since these variations do not alter the sense and meaning of the signs.
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