The objective of the paper is to investigate and compare the performance of some of the unit root tests in micropanels, which have been suggested in the literature. The framework is a first-order autoregressive panel data model allowing for heterogeneity in the intercept but not in the autoregressive parameter. The tests are all based on usual t-statistics corresponding to least squares estimators of the autoregressive parameter resulting from different transformations of the observed variables. The performance of the tests is investigated and compared by deriving the local power of the tests when the autoregressive parameter is local-to-unity. The results show that the assumption concerning the initial values is extremely important in this matter. The outcome of a simulation experiment demonstrates that the local power of the tests provides a good approximation to their actual power in finite samples. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Journal compilation (C) Royal Economic Society 2010.
This paper speci…es a regression model describing cointegrating relations between variables at the individual level. The models considered allow for homogeneous cointegration and heterogeneous cointegration.In both cases correlation between the regressors and the regression error can occur through aggregate shocks that are common to all cross-section units so the condition about the regressors being independent of the regression error is not imposed. It is shown that the estimator obtained by a cross-section regression performed at any point in time is a consistent estimator of the cointegrating parameters in the homogeneous case and of the cointegrating parameter means in the heterogeneous case. In both cases the limiting distribution of the cross-section estimator is normal.
This paper presents a stylized econometric model for the demand for on-street parking with focus on estimation of the elasticity of demand with respect to the full cost of parking. The full cost of parking consists of a parking fee and the cost of searching for a vacant parking space (cruising). The cost of cruising is usually unobserved. Ignoring this issue implies a downward bias of the elasticity of demand with respect to the total cost of parking since the cost of cruising depends on the number of cars parked. We also demonstrate that, even when the cost of cruising is unobserved, the demand elasticity can be identi…ed by extending the econometric model to include the spatial interaction between the parking facilities. We illustrate the model with on-street parking data from Copenhagen and …nd indications of a somewhat greater parking demand elasticity than is usually reported in the literature.
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