OBJECTIVE:To investigate if self-reported activity level or knee function are influenced by subject characteristics, level of competition and history of knee injury.
DESIGN:Cross-Sectional study using questionnaires distributed at a personal visit.PARTICIPANTS: 188 (65 women) amateur football players in 10 football clubs from each division below national level.
High plasma levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 were associated with incident ICH, most clearly with ICH of nonlobar location. The results suggest that tumor necrosis factor-mediated inflammation could be associated with vascular changes preceding ICH.
Background: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has been associated with the risk of developing major bleedings, including but not restricted to intracranial hemorrhages, in patients on oral anticoagulants or dual antiplatelet therapy. We hypothesized that there may be an association of GDF-15 with incidence of hemorrhagic strokes in the general population, which has not been investigated before.Methods: Two different case-control studies, one for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and one for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), nested within the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort, were defined using the incidence density sampling method. GDF-15 was analyzed in frozen blood samples taken at the baseline examination in 1991–1996. The associations between GDF-15 and incident ICH (220 cases, 244 controls) and incident SAH (79 cases, 261 controls), respectively, were explored using conditional logistic regression adjusting for risk factors.Results: GDF-15 levels at baseline were higher in both incident ICH and SAH cases, compared with their respective control subjects. After adjustment for risk factors, significant relationships with high GDF-15 concentrations were observed both for incident ICH (odds ratio (OR) per 1 log2 unit: 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52–3.41; P = 7.1 × 10−5) and incident SAH (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.29–3.59; P = 0.0032).Conclusions: High circulating GDF-15 levels were associated with incident ICH and incident SAH, independently of the main risk factors.
Introduction While the relationship between hypertension and incident intracerebral haemorrhage is well established, other risk factors are less clear. This study examined risk factors for primary intracerebral haemorrhage, separately for lobar and non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage. Patients and methods Incidence of intracerebral haemorrhage was studied among 28,416 individuals from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Intracerebral haemorrhage cases were ascertained using the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register and the Stroke Register of Malmö, validated by review of hospital records and images, and classified by location by a neuroradiologist. Multivariable Cox regression was used. Results Three hundred and thirty-three intracerebral haemorrhages occurred, mean follow-up time was 18.4 years. Systolic blood pressure (hazard ratio per 10 mmHg 1.19 [95% confidence interval 1.13–1.26], diastolic blood pressure (hazard ratio 1.42 [1.27–1.59]), oral anticoagulants (hazard ratio 4.26 [2.17–8.38]), smoking (hazard ratio 1.45 [1.14–1.87]), living alone (hazard ratio 1.32 [1.04–1.69]) and low apolipoprotein B (hazard ratio per 10 mg/dL: 0.94 [0.90–0.99]) were significantly associated with incident intracerebral haemorrhage after multivariable adjustment. Systolic blood pressure, smoking and oral anticoagulants were associated with lobar intracerebral haemorrhage. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, living alone and diabetes were associated with non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage. Diabetes and diastolic blood pressure showed significantly different relationships with lobar and non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage. Alcohol, apolipoprotein A1, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity and education were not independently associated with intracerebral haemorrhage. Discussion and conclusions: Blood pressure, smoking, low apolipoprotein B, oral anticoagulants and living alone were associated with intracerebral haemorrhage. Diabetes was associated with non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage only. Further research is required on differences between lobar and non-lobar intracerebral haemorrhage.
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