Groundwater samples were collected during April and August 2016 from five hand-dug wells in Soa subdivision, Cameroon, Africa, with the aim to assess the microbiological quality of them and the health risk they (it) posed to the population in the study area. The low piezometric levels (9 – 20 m) and the little variation in curb-stone heights (0.58 – 1.05 m) suggest that the wells are vulnerable to pollution. The physicochemical parameters show that the groundwater of Soa is acidic and poorly mineralized. The residents (population that is) dominated by students are not connected to the supply of water, making them to take recourse to groundwater for potable and general domestic use. Bacteriological analysis of the water samples focused on the search and listing of heterotrophic mesophilic aerobic bacteria (HAMB). Also, bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family were isolated, identified and listed (Escherichia, Klebsiella, Shigella, Citrobacter, Providencia). The analyses were carried out through standard, selective and conventional gallery culture media, using surface spreading, streaking and sub-culturing techniques. Different ions were also measured for the physicochemical component according to the usual analytical techniques. The low values of oxidability recorded clearly indicated the organic pollution of the study area. The organic matter was found largely influencing the increase in bacterial load (which is high and varied). The presence of these germs degrades the quality of the water, which varies from one site to the other, with the important factors being the proximity of the sources of pollution to the well and its poor maintenance. As local populations are using these ground waters without any prior treatment, they are prone to health risks over the period time.
This study assessed the antibiotics susceptibility of Bacillus cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. subtilis strains isolated in wells and rainwater samples in Yaounde (Cameroon). Water samples in wells were collected monthly during a long dry season (LDS), a short dry season (SDS), a long rainy season (LRS) and a short rainy season (SRS), and during the LRS and the SRS for rainwater. The antibiotics considered included Imipenem, Amikacin, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Sulfamethazol, and Tetracycline. With strains from the groundwater, the antibiotic inhibition diameters varied from 9.13 mm (Sulfametazole during SDS) to 32.78 mm (Imipenem during LDS) with B. thuringiensis, from 8.2 mm (Sulfametazole during SDS) to 35.25 mm (Imipenem during LDS) with B. cereus, and from 5.05 mm (Ofloxacin during LRS) to 29.25 mm (Imipenem during LDS) with B. subtilis. With those from the rainwater, they varied from 4.55 mm (Sulfametazole during LRS) to 25.65mm (Imipenem during LRS) with B. thuringiensis, from 2.13 mm (Imipenem during LRS) to 20.05mm (Imipenem during SRS) with B. cereus, and from 5.03 mm (Gentamicin during SRS) to 25.15mm (Tetracycline during SRS) with B. subtilis. Bacillus strains isolated during LRS were multiresistant to the majority of antibiotics. The inhibition diameters of the most antibiotics varied significantly from one season to another (p<0.05).
This study aimed at assessing the MICs (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations) and the MBCs (Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations) of the methanolic extracts from 4 different parts (leaves, seeds, stem, roots) of the plant Moringa oleifera against the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. Phytochemical profile of each extract has been determined using LC/MS analyses. Microbial analyses were done using 96-wells plate method. Results showed that the four parts on the plants contain heterosides and glucosinolates. Iridoids were found in leaves, stem and roots. Flavonoids were found in leaves and stem. Phenolic acids were found only in leaves and carboxylic acids found only in stem. The abundance and the number of identified compounds of a given class varied from one part of plant to another. The MICs and MBCs varied with respect to the microorganism and the part of the plant. With E. coli, the MICs varied from 0.009 (leaves) to 1.25 mg/mL (seeds), and the MBCs varied from 0.156 (leaves) to 2.5 mg/mL (seeds and stem). With S. aureus, the MICs varied from 0.009 (stem and roots) to 0.039 mg/mL (leaves and roots), and the MBCs varied from 0.078 (leaves) to 4 mg/mL (stem). The bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties of the extracts varied depending on the part of the plant and the microorganism considered. Against E. coli, the leaves, stem and roots extracts were bacteriostatic whereas seeds extract was bactericidal. Against S. aureus, the seeds, stem and roots extracts were bacteriostatic whereas leaves extract was bactericidal.
The health problems caused waterborne pathogens bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family are aggravated by the rise of antimicrobial resistant bacteria phenomenon. This has been identified as one of the biggest global health challenges. The present study aims to make a comparative approach of the sensitivity/resistance to antibiotics of 4 Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi and Shigella sonnei isolated from wastewater, streams and groundwater in Yaounde town (Cameroon, Central Africa). Bacteria were isolated using standard methods their identification using the API 20E systems. The antibiogram tests were carried out using the Müller-Hinton antibiotic disc diffusion method. Results showed that inhibition diameters of antibiotic varied (P<0.05) with respect to the bacterial species on one hand, and with respect to the type of water harbored cells on the other hand. The proportion of bacterial strains of each isolated species, and which were sensitive or resistant varied from one antibiotic to another within the same antibiotics family. For β-lactams tested, no E. cloacae strain has been sensitive. The proportion of sensitive strains of other species varied between 5.88% and 23.53%. For the 2 aminoglycosides tested, 5.88% of the strains of each isolated species were resistant to gentamycin. Of the 3 quinolones tested, all strains of E. cloacae and C. freundii isolated were fully resistant to Norfloxacin and of Ofloxacin. For the 3 Sulfonamides+trimethoprim, all strains of C. freundii and S. typhi isolated were resistant to Nurofurantoin and Fosfomycin. Most of bacteria strains isolated in wastewater and surface water were resistant to all the antibiotics tested. Many bacterial strains tested were multi-resistant. This multidrug resistance was more marked in E. cloacae and C. freundii species isolated from wastewater and surface water. This represents a health risk for humans and the aquatic environment.
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