This work presents the implementation of the ultrasonic shear reflectance method for viscosity measurement of Newtonian liquids using wave mode conversion from longitudinal to shear waves and vice versa. The method is based on the measurement of the complex reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) at a solid-liquid interface. The implemented measurement cell is composed of an ultrasonic transducer, a water buffer, an aluminum prism, a PMMA buffer rod, and a sample chamber. Viscosity measurements were made in the range from 1 to 3.5 MHz for olive oil and for automotive oils (SAE 40, 90, and 250) at 15 and 22.5 degrees C, respectively. Moreover, olive oil and corn oil measurements were conducted in the range from 15 to 30 degrees C at 3.5 and 2.25 MHz, respectively. The ultrasonic measurements, in the case of the less viscous liquids, agree with the results provided by a rotational viscometer, showing Newtonian behavior. In the case of the more viscous liquids, a significant difference was obtained, showing a clear non-Newtonian behavior that cannot be described by the Kelvin-Voigt model.

Real-time viscosity measurement remains a necessity for highly automated industry. To resolve this problem, many studies have been carried out using an ultrasonic shear wave reflectance method. This method is based on the determination of the complex reflection coefficient's magnitude and phase at the solid-liquid interface. Although magnitude is a stable quantity and its measurement is relatively simple and precise, phase measurement is a difficult task because of strong temperature dependence. A simplified method that uses only the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and that is valid under the Newtonian regimen has been proposed by some authors, but the obtained viscosity values do not match conventional viscometry measurements. In this work, a mode conversion measurement cell was used to measure glycerin viscosity as a function of temperature (15 to 25 degrees C) and corn syrup-water mixtures as a function of concentration (70 to 100 wt% of corn syrup). Tests were carried out at 1 MHz. A novel signal processing technique that calculates the reflection coefficient magnitude in a frequency band, instead of a single frequency, was studied. The effects of the bandwidth on magnitude and viscosity were analyzed and the results were compared with the values predicted by the Newtonian liquid model. The frequency band technique improved the magnitude results. The obtained viscosity values came close to those measured by the rotational viscometer with percentage errors up to 14%, whereas errors up to 96% were found for the single frequency method.

This work presents a cell to measure dynamic viscosity of liquids using ultrasonic wave mode conversion from longitudinal to shear wave. The strategy used to obtain the viscosity is based on the measurement of the complex reflection coefficient of shear waves at a solid-liquid interface. Viscosity measurements of automotive oils (SAE90 and SAE140) were obtained in the frequency range from 1 to 10 MHz. These results are compared with the Maxwell model with two relaxation times, showing the dependency of viscosity with frequency. Several parameters affecting viscosity measurements, including the solid material properties, liquid viscosity, and operating frequency are discussed.

The high parallelism and low cost of the Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) have attracted the interest of scientists and engineers requiring high computational power with a modest investment. This work explores the use of a GPU in the solution of the 2D Lid Driven Cavity Flow (LDCF) problem using the pressure-velocity formulation for Reynolds numbers up to 10000 and turning to a 4 th order finite difference scheme for spatial discretization. Results showed good agreement with those reported in the literature. The solver was implemented in both the CPU and the GPU in order to compare their performance, whereupon the latter was seventy times faster.

This work shows the application of an ultrasonic multiple-scattering sensor for monitoring water-in-petroleum emulsions. The sensor consists of a commercial ultrasonic transducer with an array of cylindrical scatterers placed in the near field. The scatterers are thin metal bars arranged in rows in front of the transducer. The backscattering signals were analyzed by calculating the wave energy and by a cross-correlation between signal segments; they were also used to determine the propagation velocity in the emulsions. The tests performed used emulsions with water volume concentrations from 0 to 50%. The results showed that both the signal energy and propagation velocity strongly depended on the concentration of water in the emulsion. Therefore, the ultrasonic multiple-scattering sensor can be used for on-line and real-time monitoring of the water content in water-in-crude-oil emulsions.

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This work deals with a transmission-reception ultrasonic technique for the real-time estimation of the water content in water-in-crude oil emulsions. The working principle is the measurement of the propagation velocity, using two in-house manufactured transducers designed for water coupling, with a central frequency of about 3 MHz. Water-in-crude oil emulsions with a water volume concentration from 0% to 40% were generated by mechanical emulsification. Tests were carried out at three temperatures. The results showed that the propagation velocity is a sensitive parameter that is able to determine the water content, allowing for differentiating the concentrations of up to 40% of water. The main motivation is the development of techniques for non-invasive and real-time monitoring of the water content of emulsions in petrochemical processes.

Acoustic vortex (AV) beams generation is a subject of current interest. Even though different applications have been proposed using AV, their potential of use is still to be explored. Recent research works on particle manipulation use phased array systems for AV generation because it allows a flexible beam configuration, i.e., the beam can be easily focalized and modified in its shape. However, little attention has been paid to the fact that the AV can also be electronically steered. In view of this, this work presents a study of the steering capability of an AV. In particular, this paper gives an analysis of the effect of the applied delay law on the structure of AV beams steered at different angles using an array transducer of 32 equidistant elements, deployed on a triangular lattice, operating at 40 kHz. Special attention is paid to the appearance of grating vortices. The effect of the individual element directivity on the resultant beam is also studied. Experimental measurements were carried out in order to validate numerical estimations. Obtained results paves the way for the use of electronically steered vortices in different applications. Also, the potential of use of acoustic grating vortices is discussed.