Background Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are facing a crisis of human resources for health (HRH) attributed to poor governance and leadership that characterizes the health sector in this setting. It is unclear which specific strategies are effective in ameliorating the crisis. Methods Selected electronic databases were searched up until 30 May 2020. Two authors screened studies independently and extracted data from included studies. Quality assessment was done using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Thematic analysis of the outcomes was done. Results We included 18 studies of variable designs across Africa, Asia, South America and the Pacific islands. Most were case-based studies and were of moderate to high quality. Several governance strategies with a positive impact on the health workforce and health outcomes identified included decentralization, central coordination and facilitation process, posting and transfer policies as well as the setting up of human resource units. Conclusions Governance and leadership strategies targeting the HRH crises in LMIC are variable, interdependent and complex. While some show benefits in improving health workforce outcomes, only a few have an impact on population health outcomes.
The paper unravels the purpose of the doctrine of general average loss in modern day maritime transactions through a critical examination of relevant literature on the subject area. In the bid to achieve this objective, resort is made to adopting a theoretical and doctrinal methodology wherein relevant primary and secondary source materials were utilized. This includes a critical examination of relevant statutory provisions, case law and scholarly literature. The information obtained through these sources was subjected to a contextual and descriptive analysis. The paper finally reaches its findings by revealing that this age long concept has not lost its usefulness and is still relevant in modern day’s maritime transaction. It therefore recommends the protection of lives at sea and of maritime property is of paramount importance and must be encouraged by courts without such encouragements the maritime industry could be one so fraught with dangers and risk that few, if any, would reasonable engage in such day-to-day commercial transactions.
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