Como consecuencia del cambio de uso de suelo, las poblaciones de anfibios han sido amenazadas por una especie de hongo patógeno, pero existen otras especies de hongos potencialmente mortales de las que poco se sabe de ellos. Las cuencas del estado de Chiapas han sido alteradas y las especies de anuros pueden estar expuestas a hongos patógenos, por ello, el objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la presencia y riqueza de hongos en la dermis de anuros de la cuenca del río Coatán, Chiapas, México. Se recolectaron 90 individuos de siete especies de anuros de las zonas baja, media y alta de la cuenca. Se obtuvieron fragmentos de piel del dorso y vientre de cada individuo y se cultivaron en medios PDA y TGhL. La riqueza de especies de hongos y las variables ambientales se compararon entre zonas. Se identificaron 24 especies en siete especies de anuros. La zona baja presentó la mayor riqueza de especies, el mayor número de especies por hospedero y en el tejido ventral el mayor número de especies. La composición de especies de la zona media difirió de otras zonas. Ambientalmente las tres zonas fueron diferentes. Algunos géneros de hongos son patógenos de anfibios, reptiles o plantas; no se observaron individuos enfermos o muertos en campo. El cambio de uso de suelo favorece la presencia de hongos en la piel de los anuros, y estos pueden ser dispersores naturales patógenos para otras especies incluyendo de uso agrícola, aspecto que debe considerarse para investigaciones futuras.
In this study, the variation of morphological and agronomic characters of 10 accessions of J. curcas selected from Yucatan, Mexico, and Honduras was analyzed. The characters associated with the proportions of the plants (height, number, and length of branches), the fruits (diameter and thickness), and the seeds (length, width, and volume), as well as those associated with the agronomic yield (number and yield of seeds plant− 1), explained the greatest variation between the accessions, 40 and 24%, respectively. The CAM32 and GAGI10 accessions had the lowest vegetative proportions and the highest agronomic yield, SUCILATEBEC and B5F59P19 had the lowest proportion and low yield, B3F119P1 had the highest proportion and high oil content, but low yield; while B5F83P1 had high values of vegetative proportions, and agronomic performance. The characters with the greatest variation among the accessions were ABM (59.93%), WV (56.91%), NS plant− 1 (57.18%), the SY plant− 1 (55.49%), and NL (54.37%). The similarity analysis grouped the accessions that had in common the geographical origin and the magnitudes of the characters associated with the agronomic performance and with the proportions of the plants, fruits, and seeds. The present study allowed the identification of J. curcas accessions with desirable agronomic and morphological traits, such as seed yield, oil content, and plant height, which can serve as progenitors in breeding programs for this species.
The Gastropoda class is the only one on Mollusca phylum to have terrestrial representatives. These organisms are used as ecosystem indicators due to being closely related to environmental variables such as soil and relative humidity, pH, temperature, and plant association, variables sensitive to habitat alteration. The original ecosystems of the watersheds in the Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico are suitable for the presence of terrestrial gastropods, however, has experimented severe loss of the original plant association, the objective of the research was to determine the diversity of terrestrial gastropods and its changes in the Coatán River watershed. Sampling was carried out at three sites according to their plant association (primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, and crops), within three zones of the watershed (upper, middle, and lower zone). A total of 342 organisms was obtained and classified into 16 families, 29 genera and 43 species, of these totals, 89% were Heterobranchia and 11% Caenogastropoda-Neritimorpha, which are mainly present in the middle zone. Five species are new records for Mexico and 10 species for Chiapas and extend the range distribution of several Central America species. The results of changes in diversity and abundance occurred at zone level and were influenced by environmental variables, mainly relative humidity and tree covered plant association. Low diversity patterns were related to high environmental temperature and low relative humidity, both related to the degree of disturbance and loss plant covered. The human activity in the Coatán watershed has an adverse effect on terrestrial gastropod diversity.
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