Purpose In the last two decades transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM) has been reported globally. Chemsex and specific sexual practices have been identified as risk factors. Our study aimed to identify risk factors for HCV transmission in MSM living with HIV attending in Mexico. Methods We conducted a case-control study from April to December 2019 at the Hospital de Infectología “La Raza” National Medical Center, in Mexico City. A case was defined as an HIV-infected MSM with positive HCV-antibody test. For each case, 3 controls were included, defined as HIV infected MSM with negative HCV-antibody test. A self-questionnaire covering sexual practices and other risk factors for HCV transmission was applied. Bivariate analysis was performed to obtain odds ratio (OR) using Chi-square test. Independent risk factors were identified in a subsequent analysis performing a logistic regression model. Results A total of 324 patients participated in the study, 81 cases and 243 controls. Median age was 30.5 years (IQR: 18–52) and 28.8 years (IQR: 21–45) in the case and control group, respectively. Most prevalent HCV genotype was 1a (79%). In the logistic regression model, sharing straw during cocaine inhalation (OR: 9.03; 95% CI; 1.35–13.52; P = 0.003), sharing sex toys (OR: 17.53, 95% CI; 6.85–44.86; P = 0.002), and ethyl chloride use for chemsex (OR: 2.26; 95% CI; 1.29–5.56; P = 0.037) were significant risk factors for HCV infection. Conclusion This study identifies risk factors for HCV transmission in Mexico in HIV positive MSM in congruence with the findings of many studies performed worldwide. This is the first study that indicates a possible association between ethyl chloride use in chemsex and HCV infection. Assessment of local populations for risk factors for HCV transmission may help to develop specifically targeted behavioral interventions to reduce HCV transmission.

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Introduction: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) may suffer more severe symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their immunocompromised status, even if they are undetectable. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been reported as an independent factor associated with higher mortality in patients with COVID-19. The present study aims to describe the clinical characteristics of PLHIV and COVID-19 in one center in Mexico. Methodology: We conducted an observational retrospective monocentric cohort study of PLHIV diagnosed with COVID-19 between 1 March 2020 and 30 April 2021. SARS-CoV-2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a nasopharyngeal swab sample, clinical features, and epidemiological characteristics. Results: We identified 55 PLHIV with COVID-19. The median age was 36 years (IQR 25–41.5 years), and 54 patients were men. The median duration of HIV-1 infection was 4.3 years (Interquartile range, IQR 2.6–7.2 years), and 100% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). The last HIV-1 RNA viral load analysis of the patients was 52/55 (94.5%) indicating that they were in virological suppression. The median CD4+ T-cell count was 734/mm3 (IQR 541.5-921/mm3). The most frequent pre-existing comorbidities found were obesity (21.8%), hypertension (7.2%), and diabetes (5.4%). Only one death was reported (1.8%). Conclusions: It has been reported that COVID-19/HIV/AIDS co-infection has a higher risk of mortality, admission to intensive care, and complications. However, our study found that people living with HIV-1 with adequate virological control did not present a severe course of COVID -19.